Sociology Test 2 2
Terms
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- Social Control
- techniques and strategies for preventing behavior that's violating social norms
- Mechanism of social control
- (ex: laws, legislation, family members telling us what to do)
- Informal Social Control
- casual, subtle ways of dissaprovement (ex: give a pregnant lady that is drinking a dirty look)
- Formal Social Control
- Carried out by police and officials, may involve jail or fines
- Deviance
-
behavior that violates social norms or expectations
-affected by time, culture,place
(ex: alcoholics, wearing jeans to formal event) - behaviors that USED to be deviant
- ex: women wearing pants, interracial relationships
- behaviors that are NOW deviant but didn't used to be
- ex: smoking, child labor
- Stigma
- labels used to devalue members of certain social groups (ex: ex-addict, If you have ever been in Jail)
- Conflict Perspective
-
-who are the powerful groups?
-who shapes what the social norms are? - Functionalist Perspective
-
- promote social unity
- look at deviance to keep our society in place - Erickson
- It makes sense to have a couple of people in the community labeled as deviant
- Socially Constructive
-
EX: using "deviant" music in a classy jaguar commerical
- targets baby boomers by using formally "deviant" familiar music - Labeling Theory
- Why some people are labeled as being "deviant" and others doing the same thing are not
- William Chambliss **
-
- teenage boys
- Saints, Roughneacks
-not behavior that was "deviant" It depended on who was acting that way- race
-response to the act which makes it deviant, not the act itself - Saints
- Never arrested- white rich kids
- Roughneacks
- lower social class kids
- Hagen **
- 3 dimensions: Severity, Percieved harmfulness, public agreement
- Severity of social response
- (Ex: Homicide- severe, Tattoo- dissaproving)
- Percieved harmfulness of the act
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(ex: Rape- very harmful, piercing- not very harmful)
- the perception of what is harmful changes, not the actual harmfulness - Degree of public agreement about whether or not the act should be considered deviant
-
Disconsensus
(ex: marijuana- some OK, others NOT, others certain uses ok)
- is there agreement that it is deviant or just a slight deviation - Consensus Crimes
- Very harmufl- high agreement- severe punishment
- Conflict crimes
-
- deiviant acts considered illegal by state
- more contorversial definitions - Social Deviations
-
- widely considered deviant and somewhat harmful- subject to individual institutional penalties
(ex: plagerism) - Social Diversions
-
Minor acts of deviance- harmless - minor social reaction
(ex: participating in a fashion fad) - Social Network
-
a series of relationships linking people to other people ( ex: facebook)
- can be used to look at how disease spreads through linking people - constrain
- limiting the range of interaction
- empower
- making vast resources available
- Patterns of exchange
- Hear about jobs from other people (ex: immigrant workers)
- Formal Organizations
- structuref organization designed for maximum efficiancy
- bureaucracy
-
-part of a fromal organization
-rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiancy - ideal type beaurocracy
-
-used to analyze beaurocracy
-complex,large organizations - division of labor
-
-produce efficiancy
(ex: UD- (admissions, grounds, president, etc.)
- gives people jobs to seperate responsibilities - Hierarchy of authority
-
- keep institutional order
-clarifies who's in command
NEG: lower ranks don't have much say- upper have more power - Written rules and regulations
-
(ex: UD has specific course requirements- written rules)
NEG: stifles you from exploring other courses
(ex: in keeping to the rules, the credit card company lost a customer)
-goal becomes fulfilling requirements rather about learning what you want - Impersonality
-
-reduced bias
-everyone treated the same way
(ex: housing on the computer)
Neg: no attachment- alienation - Employment based on Technological qualifications
-
- based on merit and skill, no favoritism
NEG: only speciized in that one area
- fosters Peter Principle - Peter Principle
- you do so well at your job that you reach a plateau and don't do your job that well- no room for advancement
- Dean Champion **
-
Organizational: structure, control, beahvior, change
Goal: multiplication and succession - Organizational Structure
- size, complexity, and how formal the organization is (how written down and codefied it is)
- Organizational control
-
-size of management
- bureacratization
- centralized or de-centrali.
- how are the levels of authority divided - Organizational behavior
-
- pos. or neg. working climate?
- effectiveness
- goals - Organizational change
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- consistant level of employees?
- conflict
- willing the change/adapt?
- growth
- consistan leadership?
- use of technology - goal multiplication
-
takes place when an org. expands its purposes- usually when the org.'s survival is threatened
(ex: YMCA originally religious- then expanded to serve all people) - goal succession
-
when an org. has reached, or been denied it's goal
- has to reinvent itself
(ex: website focused on Clinton then had to move on to current issues) - status
- socially defined positions
- Ascribed status
-
- assigned label (usually at birth)
- you share it with other members of that "group"
(ex: race, gender, social class, disability) - Achieved status
-
-attained through your own efforts
- influenced by ascribed status (discrimination affects what you can do) - Master status
- people see this status first and formost in making opinions about us
- status symbols
-
material signs that inform others of your status
(ex: wearing wedding ring) - Role
- expectations for people of a certain social position or status
- Role expectation
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a group expectation of how a certain role should be played
ex: (cab drivers- expect they know their way around) - Role performance
- the way a person actually plays a role on a day to day basis
- Role conflict
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demands from different roles compete with one another
(ex: work conflicts with school) - Role strain
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conflictin demands within the same role
(ex: being mom & spending time with child, being mom & working to support child) - Role ambiguity
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Unclear expectations about what a role involves
(ex: how can community police do their job AND be friends with the people?) - Role exit
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Disengagement from a personally important role and the establishment of a new role/identity
(ex: coming out of the military and joining civilian life) - Ebaugh
- 4 Stages: Doubt, Looing for different Strategies, Action, Looking for new identity
- Doubt
-
individual goes through doubt about original role
(ex: switiching careers, person begins to doubt original role) - looking for different strategies
-
explore options
(ex: trial separation for couple) - Action
- "departure stage"- clear turning point
- Looking for new identity
-
taking on something new to replace the old
(ex: alcholic -> recovering alcoholic) - BITH- agents of socialization
- family, school, police
- social structure
- way which a society is organized
- social institution
- organized pattern of behavior centered around basic needs
- social interaction
- ways which people respond to one another
- Negotiated order
- social structure from interactions where people defne and re-define their character
- social institutions in BITH
- police as govt., military as institution
- BITH
-
-kids surrounded by violence
-teens have gender roles and live in fear
- adults- gentrification - BITH- negotiated order
-
- will you be an agent of change
-college scout- you can do what you set your mind to regarless of the "boundaries" - Anthony Giddens**
- structuration
- structuration
-
structure and agency working together
(ex: formalized english language- incorportaes slang)
(UD- formalized sidewalks accomodate people cutting across the grass) - agency
- the power of the human to act on the system
- defining social reality
- refelcts a group's power within a society
- Functionalist - social structure
-
-sense of order
-predictable structure
- ability to interpret social situtations - conflict- social structure
-
-limit options
- Marx: reflects system of relationships for domination - Interactionist- social structure
-
-how we attach meaning to things
- how we make change - the Audience
- -study at Macro and micro level
- macro
- how society is affected by whats on TV
- micro
- how it brings people together with common interests
- the media concentration
- - 3 major corp. produce all the shows we watch
- ethnocentrism and the mass media
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- based on US standards- dominant culture
- global level of thought - Feminist View of TV
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- women shallow & obsessed with beauty
- affect younger girls body image - interactionist view of TV
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-social networks that form as a result of TV(fan clubs, blogs)
- how people interact with one another over media - functionalist- media
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how the media ties people together
-informs
-profit
-entertainment - agents of socialization
-
-social cohesion
-common view of culture
- TV babysitter
- bring society together- national events - Robert Park Study
- 1920's newspaper articles helped immigrants assimilate to culture
- Healthcare and mass media
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- medicine ads
- look up symptoms on internet
- health care paraphanalia
- infomercials - Surveillance function
-
someone else is choosing what you get to know
- collection of info. from one source- dissemination to another - Conferral of Status
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how mass media provides us with a hierarchy of people
(celebs/sports figures) - Narcotizing Effect
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- disfunction
- so much media consumed- become numb- unaffected
(ex: 9/11 so much media- didn't affect ppl anymore) - Conflict view- media **
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divides society based on:
- racial inequalities
- gender
- ethnicity
- social class - who has the power? Dominant Ideology- stereotypes in the media
- higher class, white male, executive producers provide us with the shows we watch
- The Buddy movie
- white male with ethnic sidekick- one-liners play into racial sterotypes
- political power
- struggle between political views displayed
- Merton's theory fo conformity
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the value put on being a certain way- means and goals
- Find certain means in order to achieve a goal - Goffman **
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-discredited (visible) deviance- noticible
-discredible (invisible) deviance- less noticible - medical model
- disabled viewed as chronic patients
- civil rights model
- those with disabilities face widespread discrimination, prejudice, and segregation
- "job work"
- clean several houses on a weekly bases for a flat rate
- Hondagneu Sotelo
- observed mexican immigrant women
- Dominguez and Watkins
- networks provided for low income women
- Gemeinschaft
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-rural life
-community
-social interaction - Gesellschaft
-
-urban life
- privacy
- self- interest - Hunting and Gathering
-
beginning of human life
- nomads- reliance on readily avalible food - horticultural
-
more setteled
- dev. of agriculture
-limited tech. - Agrarian
-
- larger
- tech.
- more stable settlements
- increased crop yeilds
- specialization of labor - Industrial
-
- relaince on mechanics
- sources of energy
- workplaces
- formal education - postindustrial
-
-reliance on services
- expanded middle class - postmodern
-
-high tech.
- mass consumption of consumer goods
- cross-cultural integration - Durkheim
- social structure depends on division of labor
- mechanical solidarity
- small div. of labor & collective conciousness
- organic solidarity
- large div. of labor & interdependance
- sociocultural evolution
- change & development that results from growth in their information
- Mac Donaldization
-
Ritzer
- fast- food coming to dominate more and more of the world - primary group
-
-small
- intimate
- cooperative - secondary group
-
-large
- short duration
- impersonal - Pizza delivery men
- comedian, adventurer, denier, fatalist, pro
- Labor union
- members who share the same skill or employer
- in- group
- any group to which ppl feel that they belong
- out-group
- a group to whih ppl feel that they do not belong
- reference group
- used for ppl's evaluations of themselves and other's behaviors
- dyads
- simplest group- 2 members
- triads
- 3 member groups
- coalitions
- alliance geared toward a common goal
- voluntary associations
- common interest groups people participate in
- classical theory
- workers motivated by money
- focus group
-
-10- 15 ppl
-discusses pre-determined topic
- moderator - human relations approach
- focus on informal structure of org.
- Iron law of Oligarchy
- orgs. develop into bearocracies ruled by few individuals
- Scientific management approach
- classical theory
- telecommuter
- someone who uses fax, phone, comp, to work from home
- gatekeeping
- controlling the media whihc reaches the public
- opinion leader
- someone who influences the opinions of others through day to day personal contacts
- obediance
- compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
- cultural transmission
- argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction
- anomie theory of deviance
- Merton's theory
- differential association
-
Sutherland
- violation of rules is a result of exposure to criminal attitudes - routine activities theory
- victimization increases with a convergence of offenders and targets
- professional crime
- day-to day occupation
- organized crime
- a group that regulates relations of criminals involved in illegal activities
- white-collar crime
- commited by affluent "respectable" ppl
- victimless crime
- willing exchange between adults of illegal goods
- social constructionist perspective
- culture contributes to the creation of deviant behavior
- social-reaction approach
- labeling theory
- victimization survey
- given to people to determine if they were a victim of crime