Jess's sociology midterm
Terms
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- SOCIOLOGY
- THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
- SOCIETY
- A LARGE SOCIAL GROUPING THAT SHARES THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORY AND IS SUBJECT TO THE SAME POLITICAL AUTHORITY AND DOMINANT CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS
- SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
- C WRIGHT MILL'S TERM FOR THE ABILITY TO SE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES AND THE LARGER SOCIETY
- INDUSTRIALIZATION
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH SOCIETIES ARE TRANSFORMED FROM DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE AND HANDMADE PRODUCTS TO AN EMPHASIS ON MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
- URBANIZATION
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN INCREASING PROPORTION OF A POPULATION LIVES IN CITIES RATHER THAN IN RURAL AREAS
- POSITIVISM
- A TERM DESCRIBING AUGUSTE COMET'S BELIEF THAT THE WORLD CAN BEST BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
- SOCIAL DARWINISM
- HERBERT SPENCER'S BELIEF THAT THOSE SPECIES OF ANIMALS, INCLUDING HUMAN BEINGS, BEST ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND PROSPER, WHEREAS THOSE POORLY ADAPTED DIE OUT
- SOCIAL FACTS
- EMILE DURKHEIM'S TERM FOR PATTERNED WAYS OF ACTING, THINKING, AND FEELING THAT EXIST OUTSIDE ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL BUT THAT EXERT SOCIAL CONTROL OVER EACH PERSON
- ANOMIE
- EMILE DURKHEIM'S DESIGNATION FOR A CONDITION IN WHICH SOCIAL CONTROL BECOMES INEFFECTIVE AS A RESULT OF THE LOSS OF SHARED VALUES AND OF A SENSE OF PURPOSE IN SOCIETY
- THEORY
- A SET OF LOGICALLY INTERRELATED STATEMENTS THAT ATTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE, EXPLIAN, AND OCCASSIONALLY PREDICT SOCIAL EVENTS
- FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVES
- THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS A STABLE, ORDERLY SYSTEM
- MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
- FUNCTIONS THAT ARE INTENDED AND OR OVERTLY RECOGNIZED BY THE PARTICIPANTS IN A SOCIAL UNIT
- LATENT FUNCTIONS
- UNINTENDED FUNCTIONS THAT ARE HIDDEN AND REMAIN UNACKNOWLEDGED BY PARTICIPANTS
- CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES
- THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH THAT VIEWS GROUPS IN SOCIETY AS ENGAGED IN A CONTINUOUS POWER STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF SCARCE RESOURCES
- MACROLEVEL ANALYSIS
- AN APPROACH THAT EXAMINES WHOLE SOCIETIES, LARGE SCALE SOCIAL STRUCTURES, AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
- MICROLEVEL ANALYSIS
- SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH THAT FOCUS ON SMALL GROUPS RATHER THAN ON LARGE SCALE SOCIAL STRUCTURES
- SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVES
- THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS THE SUM OF THE INTERACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
- POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVES
- THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN SOCIAL LIFE IN MODEN SOCIETIES THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY POSTINDUSTRIALIZATION, CONSUMERISM, AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS
- HYPOTHESIS
- IN RESEARCH STUDIES, A TENTATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE CONCEPTS
- INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- A VARIABLE THAT IS PRESUMED TO CAUSE OR DETERMINE A DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- A VARIABLE THAT IS ASSUMED TO DEPEND ON OR BE CAUSED BY ONE OR MORE OTHER INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
- RANDOM SAMPLING
- A STUDY APPROACH IN WHICH EVERY MEMBER OF AN ENTIRE POPULATION BEING STUDIED HAS THE SAME CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED
- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- CHOOSING PARTICIPANTS FOR A STUDY ON THE BASIS OF SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, POSSIBLY INCLUDING SUCH ON THE BASIS OF SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, POSSIBLY INCLUDING SUCH FACTORS AS AGE, SEX, RACE/ETHNICITY, AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
- VALIDITY
- IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, THE EXTENT TO WHICH A STUDY OR RESEARCH INSTRUMENT ACCURATELY MEASURES WHAT IST IS SUPPOSED TO MEASURE
- RELIABILITY
- IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, THE EXTENT TO WHICH A STUDY OR RESEARCH INSTRUMENT YIELDS CONSISTENT RESULTS WHEN APPLIED TO DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS AT ONE TIME OR TO THE SAME INDIVIDUALS OVER TIME
- ETHNOGRAPHY
- A DETAILED STUDY OF THE LIFE AND ACTIVITES OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE BY RESEARCHERS WHO MAY LIVE WHITH THAT GROUP OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS
- EXPERIMENT
- A RESEARCH METHOD INVOLVING A CAREFULLY DESIGNED SITUATION IN WHICH THE RESEARCHER STUDIES THE IMPACT OF CERTAIN VARIABLES ON SUBJECTS' ATTITUDES OR BEHAVIOR
- CORRELATION
- A RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS WHEN TWO VARIABLES ARE ASSOCIATED MORE FREQUENTLY THAN COULD BE EXPECTED BY CHANCE
- HAWTHORNE EFFECT
- A PHENOMENON IN WHICH CHANGES IN A SUBJECT'S BEHAVIOR ARE CAUSED BY THE RESEARCHER'S PRESENCE OR BY THE SUBJECT'S AWARENESS OF BEING STUDIED
- CULTURE
- THE KNOWLEDGE, LANGUAGE, VALUES, CUSTOMS, AND MATERIAL OBJECTS THAT ARE PASSED FROM PERSON TO PERSON AND FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT IN A HUMAN GROUP OR SOCIETY
- SPAIR-WHORF HYPOTHESES
- THE PROPOSITION THAT LANGUAGE SHAPES THE VIEW OF REALITY OF ITS SPEAKERS
- VALUES
- COLLECTIVE IDEAS ABOUT WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG, GOOD OR BAD, AND DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE IN A PARTICULAR CULTURE
- NORMS
- ESTABLISED RULES OF BEHAVIOR OR STANDARDS OF CONDUCT
- SANCTIONS
- REWARDS FOR APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR OR PENALTIES FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR
- FOLKWAYS
- INFORMAL NORMS OR EVERYDAY CUSTOMS THAT MAY BE VIOLATED WITHOUT SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES WITHIN A PARTICULAR CULTURE
- MORES
- STRONGLY HELD NORMS WITH MORAL AND ETHICAL CONNOTATIONS THAT MAY NOT BE VIOLATED WITHOUT SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES IN A PARTICULAR CULTURE
- TABOOS
- MORES SO STRONG THAT THEIR VIOLATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE EXTREMELY OFFENSIVE AND EVEN UNMENTIONABLE
- LAWS
- FORMAL, STANDARDIZED NORMS THAT HAVE BEEN ENACTED BY LEGISLATURES AND ARE ENFORCED BY FORMAL SANCTIONS
- CULTURAL LAG
- WILLIAM OGVBURNS TERM FOR A GAP BETWEEN THE TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A SOCIETY AND ITS MORAL AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
- DIFFUSION
- THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL ITEMS OR SOCIAL PRACTICES FROM ONE GROUP OR SOCIETY TO ANOTHER
- SUBCULTURE
- A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO SHARE A DISTINCTIVE SET OF CULTRAL BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS THAT DIFFERS IN SOME SIGNIFICANT WAY FROM THAT OF THE LARGER SOCIETY
- COUNTERCULTURE
- A GROUP THAT STRONGLY REJECTS DOMINANT SOCIETAL VALUES AND SEEKS ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLES
- ETHNOCENTRISM
- THE PRACTICE OF JUDGING ALL OTHER CULTURES BY ONE'S OWN CULTURE
- CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- THE BELIEF THAT THE BAHAVIROS AND CUSTOMS OF ANY CULTURE MUST BE VIEWED AND ANALYZED BY THE CULTURE'S OWN STANDARDS
- CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- THE EXTENSIVE INFUSION OF ONE NATION'S CULUTURE INTO OTHER NATIONS
- SOCIALIZATION
- THE LIFELONG PROCESS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION THROUGH WHICH INDIVIDUALS ACQUIRE A SELF IDENTITY AND THE PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND SOCIAL SKILLS NEEDED FOR SURVIVAL IN SOCIETY
- SOCIOBIOLOGY
- THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HOW BIOLOGY AFFECTS SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- ID
- SIGMUND FREUD'S TERM FOR THE COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY THAT INCLUDES ALL OF THE INDIVIDUALS' BASIC BIOLOGICAL DRIVES AND NEEDS THAT DEMAND IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION
- EGO
- ACCORDING TO SIGMUND FREUD, THE RATIONAL, REALITY ORIENTED COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY THAT IMPOSES RESTRICTIONS ON THE INNATE PLEASURE SEEKING DRIVES OF THE ID
- SUPEREGO
- SIGMUND FREUD'S TERM FOR THE CONSCEINCE, CONSISTING OF THE MORAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY
- SELF CONCEPT
- THE TOTALITY OF OUR BELIEFS AND FEELINGS ABOUT OURSELVES
- LOOKING GLASS SELF
- CHARLES HORTON COOLEY'S TERM FOR THE WAY IN WHICH A PERSON'S SENSE OF SELF IS DERIVED FROM THE PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS
- ROLE TAKING
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH A PERSON MENTALLY ASSUMES THE ROLE OF ANOTHER PERSON IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD FROM THAT PERSON'S POINT OF VIEW
- GENERALIZED OTHER
- GEORGE HERBERT MEAD'S TERM FOR THE CHILDS AWARENESS OF THE DEMANDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE SOCIETY AS A WHOLE OR OF THE CHILDS SUBCULTURE
- AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
- THE PERSONS, GROUPS OR INSTITUTIONS THAT TEACH US WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN SOCIETY
- TOTAL INSTITUTION
- ERVING GOFFMANS TERM FOR A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE ARE ISOLATED FROM THE REST OF SOCIETY FOR A SET PERIOD OF TIME AND COME UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE OFFICIALS WHO RUN THE INSTITUTION