Government Ch. 9 + 18
Terms
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- origin of bureaucracies
- developed in china to rationalize work of gov't, designed to ensure someone was responsible for a specific issue area through specialization
- bureaucracy
- hierarchical chain of command, division of labor and specialization, clear lines of authority, impersonal rules and merit based decision making
- 3 original bureaucratic departments
- state, war, treasury
- department of agriculture
- created by Lincoln in 1862 due to poor harvests and need to feed troops during Civil War
- Justice department
- created after Civil War due to need to pay pensions to veterans and those injured from the war
- reasons for expansion of gov't
- wars, increased citizen demand for services, use of gov't jobs to reward political support
- spoils of politics
- name for public jobs between 1830-1880s
- Civil Service Reform Act (Pendleton Act)
- passed in 1883 to reduce patronage, build up merit-based system of public jobs
- Hatch Act
- prohibits federal employees from donating money to a president's campaign
- Interstate Commerce Commission
- first independed regulatory commission, created to counter price fixing, monopolies, unfair business practices that resulted from the industrial revolution
- Department of Commerce and Labor
- created in 1900 by Roosevelt to oversee employer-employee relations due to intolderable conditions, refusal of employers to allow unions
- 16th amendment
- passed in 1913 - expanded gov't by allowing gov't to tax personal income which supported new services, agencies, programs
- Court Packing Plan
- FDR's attempt to change majority vote on supreme court so they would pass his New Deal programs
- four types of agencies
- cabinet departments, government corporations, independent agencies, regulatory commissions
- cabinet departments
- 14 of them, 60% federal workforce, responsbile for conductiong broad areas of gov't operation, each headed by a secretary, assisted by deputies and undersecretaries, departments subdivided into functional units
- government corporations
- began in 1930s - businesses created to perform functions that could be performed by private businesses but arent b/c not profitable, ex. Amtrak, TN Valley Authority
- Independent Executive Agencies
- have narrower mandates than cabinet departments, usu. perform service function, ex. CIA, NASA, EPA
- Independent Regulatory Commussions
- regulate specific econ activity/interest, ex. National Labor Relations Booard/ Securities Exchange Commission, once appointed, cant be removed w/o cause, staggered terms of office
- Federal Employee Political Activities Act
- created 1993 (Clinton) - allows employees of fed govt to run for office in nonpartisan elections (ex school boards), contribute money if they want, participate in campaigns in nonwork hours
- Administrative Discretion
- ability to decide what passages mean due to 'wiggle room' in regulations caused by comprimises during policy making, allow bureaucracy power over shaping policy
- Rule Making
- bureaucratic power to write refulations that have force of law, printed in Federal Register, ake effect 30 days after printing
- Administrative Adjudictaion
- agency foces compliance w/ rule sthrough a trial
- Executive Control over Bureaucracy
- appoint/remove agency heads, reorganize bur., change budget, ignore bur. initiatives, issue executive orders
- Congressional Control over Bureaucracy
- pass legislation to alter agency's function, abolish existing programs, investigate bur. activites, influence presidential appointments, write legislation to limit bur. discretion, limit use of funds to agency
- Judicial Control over Bureaucracy
- rule whether bur acted w/in the law, rule on constitutionality, force respect for righs of individuals through hearings
- Interstate Commerce Act
- 1887 - Congress began to regulate RRs, required RR rates be "just and reasonable," prohibited rate discrimination
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- 1890 - prohibits restraints of trade and monopolies
- Progressive Movement
- 1901-1917 - middle class reform movement designed to change political, econ, social system of US, wanted to control corporate power, make it more responsive to society and democratically elected govt
- New Deal
- proposed by Roosevelt - favored strong govt action to relieve econ distress of depression, established nat'l govt as major regulator of private businesses, provider of social security, responsible for maintaining stable econ
- Murray Bill
- proposed by Senator Murray (D-Mont) - guaranteed right to employment for anyone willing/able to work through govt investment during times when private investment = inadequate, opposed by conservatives
- Employment Act
- 1946 - watered down version of Murray Bill - said fed govt responsible to use all pratcicable means to promote max. employment, created Council of Economic Advisors, Joint Economic Committee
- Council of Economic Advisors
- created thru employment act - set up advisors to pres on econ issues
- Wagner Act
- 1935 - gave trade unions the right to collectively bargain, strongly opposed by conservatives and business
- Taft Hartley Act
- 1946 - created when repubs became majority in congress - prohibited number of union activities, prohibited closed-shop arrangement
- closed shop arrangement
- said an employer could only hire union workers
- Social Regulation Era
- 1960s-70s - caused by time of social activism, modern technology revealed unsafe products (DDT, cigarettes, leaded gas), congressmen saw advocating safety as way to enhance reputations, pres in office (LBJ/Nixon) supported movement
- deregulation
- 1970's-80s movement that attacked economic regulations such as RRs, commercial airlines, financial institutions
- John Maynard Keynes
- economist - said gov't spending could be used to offset decline in private spending and help maintain levels of spending, production, employment, thus avoiding huge swing of econ cycles (deficit spending)
- Monetary Policy
- involves regulation of country's money supply and interest rates to stable econ, primary responsiblity rests w/ Federal Reserve
- Federal Reserve System
- created 1913, consists of Federal Reserve Board, Federal Open Market Committee, 12 Fed Reserve Banks
- Federal Reserve Board
- 7 members appointed by pres, 14 yr terms, one member designated as chair (4 yr term)
- Fiscal Policy
- involves taxation, govt spending, formulated by pres and congress thru budget
- John Kennedy
- first pres to actively use fiscal policy, deliberately ran a deficit to fuel econ growth
- Budget and Accounting Act
- 1921 - gave pres authority to prepare annual budget and submit it to congress
- Office of Management and Budget
- created to assist pres in preparing budget, provides bur w/ instructions, guidleines on pres priorities
- fiscal year
- october1 to september 30
- Gramm - Rudman - Hollings Act
- 1985 - created a procedure for automatic deficit reduction, if congress didnt decide on cuts to balance budget, act would automatically cut programs and spending, didnt work
- Environmental Protection Agency
- largest regulatory body in the country