Bio - Belovsky
Terms
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- heterosis
- hybrids less fit than homozygous (hybrid vigor)
- linkages
- alleles linked on gene, good gene comes with bad gene (most fit indiv. wouldn't have bad gene)
- epistasis
- linked genes, but not on same allele
- environmental variation
- organism must adapt to summer and winter, can't be best adapted to both
- bottlenecks
- catastrophe makes population very small, limited gene pool
- genetic drift
- chance events eliminate good genes (deer hit by a truck)
- founder effects
- small pop, little genetic variation
- homologous structure
- human/horse leg, common descent
- analogous structure
- insect/bat wing, not common descent
- spatial isolation
- cannot meet to reproduce
- temporal isolation
- mate at different times
- mechanical isolation
- cannot copulate
- behavioral isolation
- do not attract each other
- gametic isolation
- copulate, but cannot fertilize
- prezygotic barriers
- prevent mating, more effecient because no offspring produced
- postzyotic barriers
- offspring unfit, less eficient because energy goes into producing offspring
- hybrid zygote abnormality
- die during development
- hybrid infertility
- can mate, but infertile
- low hybrid viability
- survive less well
- age of earth
- 4.6 billion yrs
- What makes life
- Cell membrane, enzymes, incorporating smaller molecular droplets, reproduction
- Prokaryotes
- harsh environments, created atmosphere, diverse metabolic pathways, 3.8 bya, asexual
- Single-celled Eukaryotes
- 1 bya, nucleus, protists (slime molds, diatoms, amoebae, algae), primary producers, decomposers
- Multi-celled Eukaryotes
- 700 mya, algae and slime molds, sponges
- heteromorphic
- alternation of generations - haploid stage looks different from diploid stage (we are diplontic)
- cambrian revolution
- 590-505 mya, trilobites, snails, sponges, worms, giant jellyfish, predators --> diversification of species
- Cnideria
- radial symmetry, jellyfish, anemones, blind gut
- diploblastic
- 2 cell layers, Cnidaria
- triploblastic
- 3 cell layers, proto and deuterostomes
- blind gut
- excrement leaves through mouth
- complete gut
- food exits a different place than it comes in
- acoelomate
- flatworm, no body cavity divisions
- pseudocoelomate
- roundworm, body cavity divisions
- coelomate
- earthworm, cavity divisions and surrounded by peritoneum
- Lophotrochozoans
- flatworms, segmented worms, molluscs
- Ecdysozoans
- insects, myriapodes, chelicerates (spiders)
- deuterostomes
- echinoderms, tunicates, notochord
- Ordovician
- 490-443 mya, everything BIG, giant coral, bryozoans, brachiopods, trilobites, giant snails, giant squids
- choradates
- undergo neoteny,
- neoteny
- retention of jevunile char. in adults of species or sexually mature larva (larval tunicates become lancelets)
- dikaryotic
- nuclei of gametes don't fuse until conditions favorable
- Silurian
- appearance of dry land, fish
- ostracoderms
- earliest fish, jawless, chordates precede fish
- Devonian seas
- more dry land, appearance of freshwater
- condrichthyes
- cartilaginous fish, hagfish, lamprey
- Bryophytes
- first plants, mosses, Silurian
- Carboniferous
- age of insects and amphibians, first gymnosperms (GIANT dragonflies, amphibians)
- Permian
- mass extinction, trilobites extinct, reptiles appear
- Mesozoic
- age of reptiles (dinosaurs), angiosperms arrive at end
- Dinosaurs died because...
-
environments became toxic
couldn't eat angiosperms
cooler atmosphere - Tertiary
- Age of Mammals, giant birds replaced by mammal predators
- 3 types of mammals
-
monotremes (platypus)
marsupial (kangaroo)
placental (us) - What makes us human?
-
Walk upright
large brain to body ratio
tool use
speech, abstract thought - biodiversity began to decline when humans...
- stopped hunting/gathering and started agriculture
- imprinting
- how animal knows who mother is (Konrad Lorenz, ducks)
- Stimulus response
- Niko Tinbergen, put red dot on mother's beak
- Communication
- Karl von Frisch, waggle-dance
- Proximate vs. Ultimate
- Why vs. How
- Amensalism
- (0 / - ) competition and parasitism
- Commensalism
- ( 0 / + )
- Mutualism
- + / +
- Competition
- - / -
- Predation or parasitism
- - / +