Midterm 3
Terms
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- Henry Clay
- Speaker of the House, senator from Kentucky, and National Republican presidential candidate who was the principal spokesman for the American System
- Transportation Revolution
- improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West, canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade, railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals
- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
- John Marshall's supreme court ruled that the Indians were not sovereign peoples but "domestic dependent nations," thus dependents of the federal government and not of the states, and somehow "nations" as well.
- Charles Finney
- a evangelical priest
- Martin Van Buren
- Served as Andrew Jackson's vice president, succeded him as president for 1 term. Lost second term because several of Jackson's legislatures caused the economy to fall and Buren got the blame
- Birth of American Nationalism
- ?
- Missouri Comprimise
- 1) Missouri enters as a slave state 2) Maine enters as a free state 3) 36 30 line: above no slaves, below slavery is allowed. The beginning of sectionalism
- Auburn system
- prison system designed to reform criminals ad reduce expenses through the sale of items produced in workshops. Prisoners slept in solitary cells, marched in military formation to meals and workshops, and were forbidden to speak to one another at any time.
- American Colonization Society
- established by elite gentlemen of the middle and upper-south states in 1816, this organization encouraged the voluntary emancipation of slaves, to be followed by their emigration to the West African colony of Liberia.
- spoils system
- system by which the victorious political party rewarded its political supporters with government jobs.
- James Tallmadge
- proposed two amendments to the Missouri statehood bill: one to prohibit bringing in of slaves and one to slowly emancipate slaves
- Asylum Reform
- Dorothea Dix traveled throughout the country pressuring state legislatures to build asylums that were to be safe, nurturing environments in which people with mental illnesses could be made well. By 1860 28 of the 33 states had established state-run insane asylums.
- Andrew Jackson
- President of the United States (1829-1837) and founder of the democratic party who signed the Indian removal act, vetoed the Second Bank, and signed the Force Bill
- nullification
- beginning in the late 1820s, John C. Calhoun and others argued that the Union was a voluntary compact between sovereign states, that states were the ultimate judges of the constitutionality of federal law, that states could nullify federal laws within their borders, and that they had the right to secede from the Union.
- Internal Improvements
- nineteenth-century term for transportation facilities such as roads, canals, and railroads.
- McCulloch vs. Maryland
- 1819 -2nd Bank of the United States opens branches across the US -Maryland was against bank, taxed bank when it opened a branch in Maryland -arrested president of Maryland branch for not paying taxes (McCulloch) -McCulloch sues, case is a question of which is more powerful: federal or state -Court rules in favor of McCulloch, no state has the right to tax the federal government, federal govt is above the state govt
- Missouri Controversy
- there were 11 slave states and 11 free states, James Tallmadge declares that no more slaves can be brought into Missouri, slave states get angry
- Protective Tariff
- tariff that increases the price of imported goods that compete with American products and thus protects American manufacturers from foreign competition
- common schools
- tax-supported public schools built by state and local governments
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- a feminist
- table (a bill)
- act of removing a petition or bill from consideration without debate by placing it at the end of the legislative agenda.
- Free-soilers
- a term used to describe people who opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories. It came from the name of a smll political party in the election of 1848
- "The Corrupt Bargain"
- following the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson and his supporters alleged that, in a "corrupt bargain," Henry Clay sold his support during the House vote in the disputed election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams in exchange for appointment as Secretary of State.
- normal schools
- state colleges established for the training of teachers
- Wlliam Lloyd Garrison
- wrote the Liberator which started a major abolitionist movement
- Panic of 1819
- European agriculture recovered from the Napoleonic wars, reducing the demand for American foodstuffs; revolution in Mexico and Peru cut off the supply of precious metals (the base of international money supply); debt-ridden European governments hoarded the available precious metals; and American bankers and businessmen met the situation by expanding credit and issuing banknotes that were mere dreams of real money.
- Seneca Falls Convention
- 1848-first national convention of women's rights activists
- Sarah Grimke
- fought for women's rights and temperance
- Niholas Biddle
- the president of the ntional bank was vetoed by Jackson when he applied for recharter
- Nicholas Biddle
- head of the Bank of the United States, applied for recharter in 1832, the charter was vetoed and Jackson soon closed down the bank when he won re-election.
- John Marshall
- Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Appointed by Federalist President John Adams, Marshall's decisions tended to favor the federal government over the states and to clear legal blocks to private business.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- a feminist who attented the seneca falls convention
- spirituals
- term later devised to describe the religious songs of slaves
- Monroe Doctrine definition
- Foreign policy doctrine proposed by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1823 that denied the right of European powers to to establish new colonies in the Americas while maintaining United States' right to annex new territory.
- Election of 1836
- The Whigs tried to eat the Democrats' national organization with an array of sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined.
- William Lloyd Garrison
- published the first issue of The Liberator, condemned slavery as a national sin and demanded immediate emancipation, or at least an immediate start towards emancipation. Helped form the American Anti-Slavery society.
- American Anti-Slavery Society
- organization created by northern abolitionists in in 1833 that called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation of slaves.
- Market Revolution
- 1) improvements in Agriculture (cotton gin) 2) factories (textile industry) 3) new inventions (telegraph, steam engine, sewing machine) 4) better transportation systems (erie canal, roads, bridges) 5) Immigration-3 1/2 million, work in factories
- John C. Calhoun
- left the Jacksonians inthe 1830s to become part of the whig party
- Lewis and Clark expedition
- explorers commissioned in 1804 by President Jefferson to survey the Louisiana Purchase, brought back drawings and notes with assurances that the Louisiana Purchase was a good buy
- temperance
- movement that supported abstaining from alcoholic beverages.
- Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States
- Jackson resented and distrusted the national bank, citing its role in the Panic of 1819. Saw the Bank of the United States as a government-sponsored concentration of power that threatened the republic.
- Missouri Compromise defintion
- Compromise that maintained sectional balance in Congress by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and by drawing a line west from 36 30 parallel separating future slave and free states.
- Horace Mann
- a major leader in education believed that schools should teach morals and ethics
- Worcester vs. Georgia
- Worcester vs. Georgia: the supreme court banned Georgia's extension of state law into Cherokee land.
- Dorothea Dix
- Boston reformer who traveled throughout the country campaigning for humane, state-supported asylums for the insane
- Daniel webster
- nominated William Harrison for president in 1840, participated in the bank war
- The Election of 1828
- Jackson vs. Adams. Record turnout with voters, Jackson wins with 56% of the votes.
- American System
- program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.
- Gibbons vs. Ogden
- 1824 -Steamboat traffic on the Hudson River -NY government said that all steamboats had to be approved by Ogden -Gibbons gets very similar power, but from the federal government -Court rules in favor of Gibbons, says that only congress can deal with interstate commerce, if the Hudson River only ran through NY then state could handle it
- Monroe Doctrine
- 1) Western Hemisphere-closed to further colonization 2) Europeans may keep existing colonies. Aimed at Spain and Russia.
- Robert Fulton
- Builder of the Clermont, the first practical steamboat
- John Quincy Adams
- son of John Adams, won the election of 1824 by making a deal with Henry Clay called by Jackson the coroupt bargain
- Compromise of 1833
- by lowering tariffs over the course of several years gave southern planters the relief they demanded while maintaining moderate protectionism and allowing northern manufacturers time to adjust to the lower rates.
- Women's Rights Movement
- Women wanted the rejection of separate roles, property rights, legal reforms on domestic issues, and the right to vote.
- postal campaign
- abolitionist tactic to force the nation to confront the slavery question by flooding the malls, both North and South, with antislavery literature. Their hope was to raise controversy within an area that was the province of the federal government.
- abolitionism
- movement begun in the North about 1830 to to abolish slavery immediately and without compensation to owners.
- Sarah Grimke
- along with her sister, Angelina, this elite south carolina woman moved north and compaigned against slavery and for temperance and women's rights
- Horace Mann
- one of the reformers who created the most advanced, expensive, and centralized school systems.
- American System
- program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.
- Willam Henry Harrison
- War hero nominated twice for president by the Whig party won in 1840
- Examples of Internal improvements
- toll roads and other roads, Erie canal and other canals
- Lyman Beecher
- wrote many books on temperance and was the manifesto for the temperance movement
- Tariff of 1832
- lowered the tariff rates but still affirmed the principle of protectionism.
- Election of 1840
- Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system.