AP human Geography unit 3
Terms
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- Ethnic Homelands
- A sizeable area inhabited by an ehnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of politcal and social control over it
- Cultural Imperialism
- spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others or imposition on other cultures which it modifies, replaces, or destroys.
- Isoglasses
- a mapped boundary line marking the limits of a particular linguistic feature
- Social Destination
- The best place for social contact
- Cultural Determinism
- Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits.
- Dialect
- a language variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differences from other variants of the same common language
- Ethnic Islands
- small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context.
- Ecotheology
- The Study of the influence of religious belief on habitat modification
- Theocracy
- the belief in government by divine guidance
- Missionaries
- An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
- Creole
- a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
- Material Culture
- The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
- Foodways
- the many forms and practices that define how a nation shops for, cooks, and consumes its food
- Cultural Landscape
- Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group., Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
- Ethnic Neighborhood
- an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
- Racism
- discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race
- Teleology
- the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes. • Theology: the doctrine of design and purpose in the material world.
- Renfrew Hypothesis
- three areas in and around fertile crescent, gave rise to three language families.
- Hierarchical Relions
- A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
- Transculturation
- cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact
- Non-Material Culture
- ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior
- Culture Region
- includes many diffrent counties that have certain traits in common
- Culture Trait
- A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. A single element of learned behavior.
- Culture Complex
- A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices).
- Cultural Diffusion
- the spread of cultural elements from one society to another
- Proselytic Religions
- Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practice this they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion. This important to HG because these are three of the biggest religions in the world they are practiced all over the world.
- Ethnic Group
- people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
- Ideograms
- The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
- Language Replacement
- Replacing a language
- Folk Culture
- the body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective, wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group
- Universalizing Religions
- A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
- Habit
- a pattern of behavior acquired through frequent repetition
- Monoglots
- knowing only one language
- Animism
- Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
- Indigenous Culture
- having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment
- Cultural Hearths
- Heartland, source area, innovation center, place of origin of a major culture
- Vernacular Culture Region
- A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identy.
- Assimilation
- the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure
- Monolingual States
- countries in which only one language is spoken
- Ethnic Enclave
- a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture
- Religion
- a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny
- Shatter Belts
- an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
- Toponyms
- Place name
- Cultural Lag
- when a group is unresponsive to innovations or changes in their environment, the group is experiencing:
- Secularism
- A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.
- Taboo
- an inhibition or ban resulting from social custom or emotional aversion
- Built Environment
- The part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
- Language
- the system of words, their pronunciation, and methods of combination used and mutually understood by a community of individuals
- Adaptive Strategy
- The unique way in which each culture uses it's particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense
- Ethnic Cleansing
- the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area
- Standard Language
- a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue
- Maladaptive Diffusion
- diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality (ie. ranch style house)
- Cultural Nationalism
- an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially the penetrating influence of U.S. culture
- Pidgin Lanuage
- A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
- Pilgrimages
- Religious journeys to the Holy Land.
- Cultural Realm
- cultural region is new and it is distinguished by a set of cultural traits like language, beliefs, customs, norms of behavior, social institutions, way of life, artifacts etc. The complex combination of the above traits is identified in a group as cultural realm over an area.
- Popular Culture
- Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal.
- Custom
- accepted or habitual practice
- Placelessness
- loss of uniqueness of a place
- Gaia Hypothesis
- Life controls the environment for the continuation of life
- Sacred Spaces
- Places sacred to certain groups
- Isolated Language
- A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
- Cultural Simplification
- The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old
- Intrafaith Boundries
- The boundaries within a major religion.
- Cultural Preadaptation
- A Complex of adaptice traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving them survival ability and competitve advantage in occupying the new environment
- Language Divergence
- new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects
- Acculturation
- the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
- Lingua Franca
- any of various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken; literally, "Frankish language"
- Conquest Theory
- theory of how proto-inko european spread into europe that speakers spread westward on horseback
- Monotheistic Religions
- Also have priesthoods and notions of divine power, but all supernatural phenomena are manifestations of (or under the control of) a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being.
- Linguistic Refugee Areas
- An area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survived
- Agriculture Theory
- with increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe
- Traditional Religions
- Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups not yet fully absorbed into modern society, and their close ties to nature.
- Diaspora
- the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
- Ethic Religion
- A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
- Ethnic Substrate
- Regional Cultural Distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
- Multilingual States
- a state that uses many languages
- Contact Conversion
- The Spread of Religious Beliefs by Personal Contact
- Fundamentalism
- Belief that Bible should be taken literally. Longest lastin gof challenges to new urban culture. Many americans felt alienated from city life, science, and modernization.
- Offical Language
- a governmentally designated language of instruction, of government, of the courts, and other official public and private communication
- Environment Perception
- The way in which an individual perceives the environment; the process of evaluating and storing information received about the environment. It is the perception of the environment which most concerns human geographers because decision-makers base their judgements on the environment as they perceive it, not as it is (see mental maps). The nature of such perception includes warm feelings for an environment, an ordering of information, and an understanding, however subjective, of the environment.
- Polytheistic Religions
- religion in which there is a belief in many gods.
- Pagan
- A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
- Barrio
- an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country
- Reverse Reconstruction
- To reverse any reconstruction attepmted
- Syncretic Relions
- Religions, or stands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems
- Generic Toponyms
- The Description part of many okace-names, often repeated throughout a culture area
- Polyglot
- a person who speaks more than one language
- Language Branch
- A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.
- Indigenous Technical Knowledge
- Highly localized knowledge about enviromental conditions and sustainable land-use practices
- Orthodox Religions
- A strand within most major religions that emphasizes purity of faith and is not open to blending with other religions
- Interfaith Boundries
- The boundaries between the world's major faiths.
- Language Family/Groups
- large groups of languages having similar roots
- Convergence Hypothesis
- a biased approach to the study of management, which assumes that principles of good management are universal, and that ones that work well in the United States will apply equally well in other nations.
- Apartheid
- a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites
- Subcultures
- groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture
- Race
- a subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics
- Language Convergence
- collapsing of two language into one.