Bio Midterm
Terms
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- unicellular
- organism containing one cell
- theodor schwann
- concluded animals are made of cells
- Leeuwenhoek
- invented microscope
- logistic growth
- occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following exponential growth
- Lazzaro Spallanzani
- boiled 2 flasks of gravy-open one had life, closed didn't-concluded they were offspring from organisms entering from the air
- threats to biodiversity
- human activities such altering habitats, hunting, introducing toxic compounds, introducing foreign species
- theory
- cannot be proven, supported by scientific evidence, accepted by scientific community
- characteristics of living things
- made up of cells, grow & develop, respond to environment, homeostasis, evolve, reproduce, DNA
- independent variable
- the variable that you change
- invasive species
- organisms introduced into new habitats and often reproduce rapidly
- cell
- smallest unit of an organism that is alive, collection of living matter
- John Needham
- experiment with boiling gravy-concluded spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions
- prokaryote
- have cell membranes and cytoplasm but don't have a nucleus
- habitat
- the area where an organism lives
- mitochondria
- convert food into energy
- proton
- positively charged particle, in nucleus
- rudolf virchow
- cells come from existing cells
- limiting factor
- a factor that causes population growth to decrease
- food chain
- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
- nucleolus
- in nucleus, where the assembly of ribosomes begins
- nucleus
- the center of an atom (contains protons and neutrons), or cell (contains heredity)
- importance of biodiversity
- different species provide different resources
- omnivore
- eat both plants and animals
- extinction
- a species disappears from all or part of its range
- cytoplasm
- jelly-like material in cell that contains and holds organelles in place
- density-dependent limiting factor
- include competition, predation, parasitism, and disease
- primary succession
- succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
- pH scale
- measures how acidic or basic a solution is
- homeostasis
- the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable
- producer
- autotroph
- endangered species
- when a population is declining and it is in danger of extinction
- biome
- a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
- photosynthesis
- process in which autotrophs use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbs/glucose and oxygen
- units of measurement
- Kilo, Hecto, Deka, deci, centi, milli
- controlled experiment
- An experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled.
- respiration
- process where energy is used to convert carbs/glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water
- community
- assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area
- Louis Pasteur
- designed flask with long neck open to air-organisms did not get in until he broke the neck, proved spontaneous generation wrong
- ozone depletions effect on humans
- ozone depletion allows more UV to reach earth. UV can cause sunburn, cancer, eye damage, and decrease resistance to disease
- age structure diagram
- (a.k.a. population profile) graph the numbers of people in different age groups in the population
- electron
- negatively charged particle, rotates around atom
- chromosome
- directs activities, passes traits onto new cells made of DNA and RNA, helps make proteins
- carrying capacity
- the largest number of individuals a population can support
- hypotonic
- less solute on the outside of the membrane, water rushes in
- temperate forest
- Location-US, canada, europe, japan, china, australia, Weather-cold winter, warm summer, year round precipitation, Plants-herbs, flowering shrubs, Animals-deer, black bears
- lipid
- used to store energy or as part of biological membrane. (fats, oils, waxes) (C, H)
- greenhouse effect
- the natural situation in which heat is retained by the layer of greenhouse gases
- selective permeability
- some substances can pass through call membrane and others cannot
- metric system
- a decimal system of measurements based on certain physical standards, scaled in units of 10
- biological magnification
- concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms higher on food chains and webs
- immigration
- the movement of individuals into an area
- CO2 cycle
- released by respiration, human activity, decomposition, volcanic activity, taken in by photosynthesis
- solvent
- substance in which solute is dissolved in (water=universal solvent)
- carnivore
- eat only animals
- amino acid
- acids with a amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end
- taiga
- Location-NW US and canada, california, alaska, Weather-mild, abundant precipitation, Plants-douglas fir, redwood, Animals-bears, owls
- species
- group of organisms so similar they can breed and produce fertile offspring
- neutron
- particle with no charge, in nucleus of atom
- organelle
- specialized structures in a cell that perform important cellular functions
- predation
- the interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
- abiotic factor
- physical or nonliving factors that shape ecosystems
- biology
- the scientific study of life
- population
- groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
- Polar zones
- high north, low south, very cold
- climate
- the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
- Tropic zones
- near equator, warm
- chloroplast
- contains pigments that help capture energy from light, site of photosynthesis
- ozone layer
- concentration of ozone gas above earth's atmosphere
- ecology
- the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between them and their environment
- deforestation
- loss of forests
- solution
- a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance
- active transport
- material moves from low concentrated areas to high concentrated areas using transport proteins, requires energy
- biosphere
- contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists including land, water, air
- cell wall
- hard layer surrounding a plant cell that provides protection and support
- sustainable use
- a way of using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them
- characteristics of a population
- geographic distribution, density, growth rate
- grassland
- Location-asia, N america, australia, europe, south america, Weather-warm, hot summers, cold winters, moderate, seasonal precipitation, Plants-perennial grasses and herbs, Animals-coyotes, snakes
- Temperate zones
- between polar and tropical, ranges from hot to cold
- biotic factor
- biological influences of organisms within an ecosystem
- heterotroph
- organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
- eukaryote
- contain nuclei
- acid
- solution with a pH under 7, more H+ concentration, less OH-
- agriculture
- the practice of farming
- biomass pyramid
- represents the amount of living tissue in each trophic level in an ecosystem
- buffer
- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
- endoplasmic reticulum
- transport proteins and other materials
- desert
- Location-africa, asia, middle east, US, mexico, south america, australia, Weather-low precipitation, dry, Plants-cacti, creosote bush, Animals-mountain lions, kangaroo rats
- enzyme
- protein catalyst-controls/speeds up rate of chemical reactions
- vacuole
- saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs
- tundra
- Location-northern north america, asia, europe, Weather-low precipitation, windy, cold, Plants-mosses, lichen, Animals-caribou, snowy owl
- protein
- polymers of molecules called amino acids, used to form bones/muscles, control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, transport substances in or out of cells, help fight disease (C, H, O, N)
- cell theory
- 1) all living things are composed of cells, 2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, 3) new cells are produced from existing cells
- quantitative data
- measures, anything with numbers
- cell specialization
- separate roles for each type of cell
- density-independent limiting factor
- such as natural disasters
- habitat fragmentation
- ecosystems split into pieces by development
- qualitative data
- collected with your senses
- atomic number
- number on the periodic table of elements, same as number of protons
- levels of organization in biosphere
- organism-species-population-community-ecosystem-biome-biosphere
- lysosome
- break down food molecules and old unused organelles
- golgi apparatus
- modifies and packages proteins
- hypertonic
- more solutes on the outside of the membrane, water rushes out
- autotroph
- organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and make their own food
- tropical rainforest
- Location-south/central america, SE asia, africa, india, australia, Weather-hot/wet year round, Plants-large woody vines, evergreen trees, Animals-sloths, frogs
- soil erosion
- the wearing away of surface soil by water and wind
- nucleic acid
- assembled from nucleotides, store and transmit heredity, (H, O, N, C, Phosphorus)
- denature
- protein shape is changed
- biodiversity
- the sum total of the genetically based variety of organisms in the biosphere
- global warming
- the increase in average temperature due to the atmosphere capturing more heat
- substrate specificity
- each substrate (reaction) fits with a specific enzyme
- tissue
- a group of similar cells that perform a particular function
- competition
- organisms struggle with each other for food
- hypothesis
- a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.
- renewable resource
- can regenerate and are therefore replaceable
- atomic mass
- the weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes
- trophic level
- a step in a food chain or web
- spontaneous generation
- The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter.
- cell membrane
- thin flexible barrier around the cell that regulates what enters and leaves cell, provides protection and support
- herbivore
- eat only plants
- ecosystem
- a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment
- decomposer
- break down organic matter
- base
- solution with a pH over 7, less H+ concentration, more OH-
- organ
- many groups of tissues working together
- dependent variable
- the variable that responds to change
- acid rain
- acidic gases combine with water vapor in the air making rain acidic
- ecological succession
- the series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time
- exponential growth
- occurs when the number of individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
- ozone layer depletion
- CFCs were put in the air, they act as catalysts that enable the light to break up ozone molecules
- DDT
- one of the first widely used pesticides, good example of biological magnification
- organ system
- a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- mathias schleiden
- concluded plants are made of cells
- food web
- links all the food chains in an ecosystem together
- consumer
- heterotroph
- carbohydrate
- living things use them as their main source of energy, (C, H, O)
- diffusion
- process where molecules move from high concentrated areas to low concentrated areas without requiring the cell to use energy
- emigration
- the movement of individuals out of an area
- multi-cellular
- organism containing multiple cells
- nuclear envelope/membrane
- surrounds nucleus, has pores that allow material in and out
- metabolism
- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
- pioneer species
- the first species to populate an area
- ecological pyramid
- diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web(the most is at the base)
- mass, length, volume
- grams, meters, liters
- population density
- the number of individuals per unit area
- biogenesis
- living things come from living things (proved by louis pasteur)
- isotonic
- equal concentration of solutes throughout
- ribosome
- produce proteins
- water cycle
- evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, seepage, root uptake
- resource
- any necessity or life
- robert hooke
- made word "cells"
- nonrenewable resource
- cannot replenish by natural processes
- secondary succession
- occurs when a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil
- atom
- the basic unit of matter
- isotope
- elements with the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons
- niche
- the role an organism plays in its environment