Final Pol. 6

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A plurality system naturally leads to a two-party system. In a single member district candidates will drive for the position and tqo main candidates will emerge pushing any third parties out.: Duverger's Law
Under proportional systems there is a tendency towards multipartism. Regional concnetrations and emerging third parties can get ahold because they do not need a plurality. They can unite a small group of people and gain a seat: Duverger's Hypothesis
Commander in Chief of Army, negotiate treaties, names security council, chairs security council, referendums, propose legislation, declare national emergency, executive decrees, names cabinet ministers, dismiss the Duma in certain circumstances, dismiss: Powers of/limits on Russian President
Russian Communist Party-role in Soviet Union, current size and ideology: The russian Communst party under the Soviet Union was the only political party tolerated. It was a privelege to be apart of it and it was dangerous to challenge it. Once the Soviet Union dissolved it became a more democratic party and leaned more socialist. Today it's power yields about 10% of the vote and has continually been growing.
450 members, 4 year terms. Dismiss the PM, but then pres. Can choose if he wants to dismiss Duma also. Pass legislation,: Duma-size, powers, term of office
176-178 members. No more than 5 year terms. Approve martial law. Approve legislation.: Federation Council-size, powers
Rules on whether or not laws are constitutitutional. Cannot automatically analyze the constitutionality of laws. Challenges must be brought by a person in the government. No private chllenges. The law may be submitted to the Constitutional Court by the P: Constitutional Court
A system of federalism in which subunits do NOT all have the same powers and rights. Was a result of deals struck after the breakup of the Soviet Union Republics (21): have presidents, most powerful â€˜subjectsâ€™ Oblasts (48): have governors: Asymmetrical federalism
??????(21): have presidents, most powerful â€˜subjectsâ€™ ??????(48): have governors: Republic Versus Oblast
formed by the President in accordance with the Constitution and the Federal Law â€œOn Securityâ€. The President chairs the Council and appoints its members. constant analysis and strategic planning regarding all security issues, as well as the dra: Security Council
an advisory body to the Head of State, which deals with issues of the highest importance to the state as a whole. aids the President in discharging his duties to ensure the concerted functioning and interaction of various governmental bodies.: State Council (Russia)
Current head of the Russian government sharing power with the president. Works with the president and takes the place of the president in case of his death.: Role of Prime Minister
1st. One half of the deputies are elected by a system of proportional representation and one half are elected by plurality in single member districts. 2nd-chosen by territorial politicians 3rd-Elected directly by the people in plurality electio: Russian Electoral Systems-Duma, Federation Council, , Governors
Putin is the head of it's party and it also holds power in the Duma. Very Nationalistic and semi-socialist.: United Russia Party
Led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Very Nationalistic. Strongly against immigration, state ownership of main industries, right to work, control of agricuture by state.: Liberal Democratic Party (Russia)
They are vital to the russian polticial system. Makes party loyalty low and coalitions neccessary.: Role of Independant Candidates (Russia)
Under the Soviet Union it was the priveleged class in the government. This group was not elected and set the communist agenda and helped to run the government. They were the strong beuracratic communist government.: Basis of the vote (cleavages) in Russia
Put into practice by him after the Russian Revolution. It is a form of communism that was in effect in Russia up to the fall of the Soviet Union. Stresses the importance of imperialism. The key to reform is overthrowing capitalism.: Leninism
a group of members of the Soviet government briefly deposed Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country. They were communist leaders who felt too much control was being given to the republics. It was crushed after only: August 1991 Coup
Federal subject of Russia that declared independance after th collpase of the Soviet Union in 1991. Yeltzin opposed their independance and has been stuck in a struggle ever since for control.: Chechnya
Internal affairs of Soviet states were tightly controlled. Held that any soviet state had to give into the control of the centralized government. Ended in 1989 with the Sinatra Doctrine.: Brezhnev Doctrine
Command Economy (two key elements) (Russia): 1. Important economic assets belong to state,

2. Rapid industrialization program, focused mostly on heavy industry
It was the ministry through which the state planned the economy under the Soviet Union. Creation of 5 year plans.: GOSPLAN
Economic policy in Russia that stood for decentralization of economic planning. Went into effect after Glasnost failed. emphasized increasing privatization.: Perestroika
Pushed free speech. Political reform under Gorbachev that stood for pushing open debate in order to try and push perestroika. He believed glasnost would end up in people supporting his ideas of economic reform. It however backfired and ended up in his do: Glasnost
Foreign policy that was part of Perestroika to reduce the military budget of the Soviet Union. Was part of the end to the Cold War.: New Thinking
It would fail because of the neglect of agriculture. Created massive starvation when many switched to more profitable industries. Privatization: Selling of sate companies, Efforts to develop infrastructure for market economy, Trade and investment, elimin: Shock Therapy
One seat in the district, First place party with any vote percentage receives the seat: Plurality
More than one representative in the district, same percent of seats as % of vote.: Proportional Representation
Indirect election that is ratified by the National People's Congress. Head of state and communist party. Power is centralized around the executive.: Executive (President/Premier) (China)
70 million members (5% population). The ruling party in China. It has guranteed authority under their constitution and does not have to proceed through any sort of electoral process. The party serves as a way to recruit the elites in service to the state: Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-role in China, size, inernal structures
contains the leading figures of the party, state, and army. It is the highest authoriy in the communist party inbetween when the party congress meets. It is essential in setting the agenda of the communist party.: Central Committee
Key state positions are invariably held by members of the party. At lower levels, local party officials oversee work of local governments. Authority is exercised under it in the communist party. There are multiple channels of command.: Dual Rule
Public official holding a responsible or managerial position, usually full time, in party and government. The list is ranked base dupon the positionn one holds running down to the ordinary officials. It determines someon'es power and pay.: Cadres/Cadre List
Personal ties between potential employer and potential employees Based on family, friendship, school Access to state positions determined by personal relationships: Guanxi
People who have technical educations, professional careers, and high posts. Come from disciplines in science and technology such as geology, agriculture, chemistry, engineering, economics Characterized by belief that countries better off if go: Technocrat
Led by Mao Zedong and the Communists. It allowed at first people to express their views on different issues, but then resulted in a crack down and persecution of those people. It marked a major crackdown on intellectuals and led to possibly millions of d: Hundred Flowers Campaign
After the failure of the Great Leap Forward Mao came into conflict with those who desired to moderate the economy. In an effort to stop them Mao called up the Red Guard and attacked those who were seen to be bourgeois or rightists. The revolution continu: Cultural Revolution/Old 3 Classes
Very large with 2.985 members. It has relatively weak authority because power in centralized behind the CCP. They do have to ratify the executive however.: National People's Congress
Directs and commands the national armed services. Under authority of the CPC. The chairman is nominated by the the CPC at the National Congress and affirmed by the National People's Congress. The Chairman hols authority over the militay and actions tht i: Central Military Commission
State-owned enterprises. The basic-level organization through which party and government officials control social, political, and economic behavior of residents. The danwei typically controls the allocation of housing, grain, edible oil, and cotton ratio: Danwei
China is led by... ideals.People were tested ont heir measure in which they upheld these values. It was embedded in Chinese structure. It emphasizes: Family responsibility Respect for hierarchy Loyalty to rulers Appreciation for: Confucianism
Mao was committed to revolution before he was Communist. Mao saw China as a Marxist class struggle, but containing complexity due to the reality of Chinese society. He believed China needed to also to take the concerns of the peasants and integrate them: Mao Zedong Thought
Presided over by the premier (PRESIDENT) who is elected by the NPC uo recoomendation of the CCP central committee. The primary role is to oversee the work of ministries and commissions that administer the country.: State Council (China)
Peak organization containing all Chinese unions. there are over 134 million members. It works with the CCP in order to try and protect workers' economic, political and cultural rights, stimulate workers' enthusiasm and push ahead with China's revolution,: All-China Federation of Trade Unions
A mass youth organization with the age range of 7 to 14. The goal is to teach children how to be good Communists throughslogans, chats, and activites. They were used as a symbol of defeat to the students at Tianenmen square.: Young Pioneers
A series of demonstrations that were led primarily by students. The government declared martial law and sent the People's Liberation Army in to take control of the city. The result was multiple protesters were either killed or injured in what has histori: Tiananmen Square Protests
Selling of state owned companies. In general moving toward model of private ownership rather than state ownership. In China: Excludes heavy industry. More management practice than ownership transfer. Grow small enterprises rather than pri: Privatization Defintion
Investment made by a foreign individual or company in another country. China has greatly increased in this.: FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Defintion
Under the leadership of Mao and part of his economic reforms called "The Great Leap Forawrd" he pushed people to make steel using furnaces in their "backyard." The goal was to incrase China's industry power and catc up to the UK in st: Backyard Furnaces
Led by Mao from 1958-1962. It was the second five year plan that had a goal of of changing China from an agricultural economy to industrialization under communism. One main thing Mao attempted to do is push "backyard furaces" that would be used: Great Leap Forward
Was an agricultural reform in which farmers would be allowed to have private management of their crops, but not private ownership: Household Responsibility System
Created in order to increase the amount of tax revenue the state would recive. The Chinese government created the incentive for business by allowing the enterprises to rettain part of the taxes raised for local purposes. This has beena great success in C: Township and Village Enterprises
It is a geographical region that ha more libeeral laws than would normally exist in the state. China is one of the places these exist in an effort to support foreign investment. The companies receive great tax incentives and certain legal authorty.: Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
GDP grew on average about 10%/year from 1979-1995, quadrupling GDP Personal incomes doubled or tripled Industrial production growing at 20% per year or more Inflation low Life expectancy rising: Outcomes of economic reforms(China)
The ejido consists of cultivated land, pastureland, other uncultivated lands, and the fundo legal, or town site. The cultivated land is generally apportioned in family holdings, which until recently could not be sold but could be passed down to heirs. In: Ejido
Protect Mexican industries from foreign (US) imports in order to develop industry State assistance to industry State ownership of â€œkeyâ€ industries Regulation of foreign investment (majority Mexican ownership, except in maquiladora sect: Model of Economic Development, 1930-1980 (Mexico)
Mexico's state-owned, nationalized petroleum company. It is the sole supplier of mexican oil.: PEMEX
a factory that imports materials and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing and then re-exports the assembled product usually back to the originating country. They are primarily on the US Mexico border.: Maquiladora
Slash state budgets, reducing subsidies, price supports, loans and credit Reduce regulation in all areas, but especially foreign investment Privatization of state-owned companies (but NOT oil or electricity) End of land reform and privatiz: Neoliberalism (Mexico)
Goes into effect: Jan. 1 1994 Embraces free trade between Mexico, US and Canada by allowing competition in industry. Lowers tariffs between the countries and allows foreign ownership. Trade increase dramatically, is increasingly focused on the: NAFTA-year, content, main effects
system of government that meets 3 essential conditions: 1 Meaningful and extensive competition 2. Highly inclusive political participation 3. A level of civil and political liberties sufficient to ensure the integrity of: Defintion of Democracy
Lower hous of Bicameral legislature. 300 plurality district seats 200 PR seats. Replaced every three years. laws, impose taxes, declare war, approve the national budget, approve or reject treaties and conventions made with foreign countries, and rat: Chamber of Deputies--size, terms, powers
Powers include: The right to propose laws directly Line item veto (controversial) Can freely name and remove cabinet members and Attorney General⬦name and remove employees of state whose accession and removal is not otherwise determined: Powers of/Limits on president
128 senators:2 seats per state to plurality winner 1 seat per state to second-place party 32 â€œnational senatorsâ€ by PR Serve 6 year terms Powers:Their main role is in foreign policy, approves international agreements,: Senate--Size, terms, powers
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)--Incorporates mass organizations (unions, peasants) The National Action Party (PAN)--Business/Catholic origins; today includes some middle-class The Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD: Basis of the vote in Mexico: Who supports which party?
Has judicial review in Mexico.It has the power to declare laws unconstitiutional, but must take every case individually not turning to precedent already set. They are nominated by the president and then approved by the senate. 11 serve 15 years and not a: Supreme Court (Mexico)
A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. Mexico's has a federalist system that is limited by local authorites, but has been strengthening.: Federalism
Each of Mexico's 31 states are divided into these. They address a lot of the local needs (water, shelter, etc.) and can tke in taxes.: Municipio
Mikhail Gorbachev: After he took power he saw it neccessary to get the Soviet Union's economy back in order. In order to do this he began the process of decreasing the military and Perestroika which pushed decentralization of economic planning In an effort to get support for this he instituted Glasnost that allowed people to have fee speech to stat what they felt. He believed in doing this people would like the liberal reforms and support him. It actually backfired on him becuase then the people wanted even greater reforms. In ended in his downfall and overthrow by Yeltzin.
Boris Yeltsin: Took over power after Gorbachev. Instituted dramatic "shock therapy" and declared the Soviet Union dissolved. It ended up failing resulting in inflation running up to 2000%.
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Founded 1929 Incorporates mass organizations (unions, peasants) Center of political spectrum The only national party: PRI
The National Action Party (PAN) Founded in 1939 Business/Catholic origins; today includes some middle-class Center-right position Primary stronghold in Northern Mexico: PAN
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) Founded in 1989 Base in urban poor, intellectuals, peasants Center-left position Primarily regional in center and South Mexico: PRD
Confederation of Mexican Workers(CTM)) is the largest confederation of labor unions in Mexico.: CTM
National Peasant Organization. Main peasant organization, in peasant sector: CNC
refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, and professional groups.: Corporatism
Factors favoring democratization: 1. democratic political culture
2. performin well economically
3. High levels of economic development
4. A countries religion
5. Countries with dense civil society
6. Ethic diversity
Ethnicity and democracy: miliethnic countries favor democracy
Vladimir Putin: Current president of Russia. Came into power after Boris Yeltsin. Problems in the Russian system led to him pushing a closed party list represenatation.
Carlos Salinas: President of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. Important in joining NAFTA and reforming Mexico as a very leftis candidate. Reformed the electoral syste making it citizen controlled.
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas: Founded the PRD. He defeated the PRI in 1988.
The Cultural Revolution Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom campaign. Came to power after the Chinese civil war as the Premier.: Mao Zedong
served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of China from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. He pineedered the Chinese economic reform. He also led the crackdown at Tiananmen square. He allowed Special economic zones. He believed in Socialism: Deng Xiao Ping

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