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Buried Cities

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
language isolate
in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages
mesopotamia
flat landscape, flood plain, bounded by mountains, situated between Tigris (shorter, more dangerous, moves faster) and the Euphrates (big, muddy river). Lower Mesopotamia is more susceptible to flooding and shows more evidence for early societies
Akhenaten
An Egyptian pharaoh who wrote and received the Amarna Letters as well as moved the Egyptian capitol from Memphis to Amarna
coptic
the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the seventeenth century. Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the first century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six to seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian phonemes absent from Greek. Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic and Bohairic.
ecofact
animal bones and plant remains
antiquarianism
collects material culture on the basis of monastery value. only interested in material itself, not how its related to culture and its people
Ur
a city in Mesopotamia that was one of the first civilizations and earliest known centralized authority
Pharisces
started synagogues- local area where people went to pray, in competition with the Temple
luxor
As the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open air museum", the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor standing within the modern city
Philistines
a people who occupied the southern coast of Canaan, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. Their origin has been debated among scholars. The Philistine language has been identified as a Semitic language but modern archaeology has also suggested early cultural links with the Mycenean world in mainland Greece.[1] Though the Philistines adopted local Canaanite culture and language before leaving any written texts, an Indo-European origin has been suggested for a handful of known Philistine words (see Philistine language).
Tell abu en niaj
small villages in jordan. collapse of early Bronze Age urbanism
sumer
Mesopotamian society first city to have writing.
qumran
located on a dry plateau about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank, just next to the Israeli kibbutz of Kalia. The site was most likely constructed sometime during or before the reign of John Hyrcanus, 134-104 BC and saw various phases of occupation until, probably after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, Titus and his X Fretensis destroyed it. It is best known as the settlement nearest to the hiding place of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the caves of the sheer desert cliffs.
hypothesis testing
built from theories; specific testable statement
cuneiform
writing system using a wedge on wet clay, the way the Amarna letters were written
Ashkelon
a coastal city in the South District of Israel. The ancient seaport of Ashkelon dates back to the Bronze Age. In the course of its history, it has been ruled by the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Muslims and the Crusaders.
Petra
AD 747 earthquake hits Petra and city not rebuilt, 19th century Burckhardt rediscovers Petra, tells locals he's headed to Spring of Moses (outside of Petra), reaches Petra- sketches the tombs in mountains at night so he doesn't get caught. (heard rumors from Amman Jordon, JJ Burckhardt . sacrifice a lamb for jebel haroun)
principle of superposition
aka stratigraphy. Oldest layers on bottom, newest layers on top.
Solomonic 1st temple
built by King Soloman in order to legitimize his rule
Xochicalco
located in central islands of mexico. Political fragmentations- walls, artwork, deals with war and conquest
torah
Judaism, first 5 books of the Old Testament
Baghdad
Modern day Iraq
anthropology
scientific study of all aspects of human condition
Essenes
group of people who reject wordly temptation and expect the end of the world as described in the New Testament- live simple lives in the desert waiting for a teacher to come, practiced Messianic Judaism
ashdod
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BC,[1] making the city one of the most ancient in the world. Ashdod is mentioned thirteen times in the Bible. During the history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
tell
burial mound
bioarchaeology
study of what people ate, diseases, what types of things people did by looking at skeletons and the evidence left on them
radiocarbon dating
A body of radiometric techniques used only for organic, carbon-based material. It can only go back 50,000 yrs.
hebrew
the Apiru in the Amarna Letters may refer to a group of people referred to later as the Hebrews. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world. It is the official language of Israel,
Law of Uniformitarianism
All natural processes are as true now as they were in the past (ie water always flows)
law of association
things react upon each other under certain imposed or imaginary conditions. any 2 items found in the same stratum are from around the same time
sinai
a triangular peninsula in Egypt. It lies between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, forming a land bridge from Africa to Southwest Asia. Its area is about 60,000 km². The Egyptians call it the Land of Fayrouz.
valley of the kings
Where Tut was buried, Carter found them there.
thebes
where herc was born.
pompeii premise
archaeological sites that show moments frozen in time.. Other archaeological sites don't show this
karnak
As the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open air museum", the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor standing within the modern city
ziggurat
Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia as monuments to local religions. (Ruins of Nimrud on the Tigris)
Rosetta Stone
an artifact with the same thing written in three languages - ancient Greek and two forms of Egyptian)
Relative dating
dating based upon seriation and stratigraphy
ostraca
ancient yellow sticky note, Flavius Josephus shows group suicide, wrote names on ostraca to see who would die last
tiryns
King Proetus hires Cyclops work crew to build city (Schliemann found huge boulders so must be true), Cyclopean Masonry, in Greece
Thomas Jefferson
father of archaeology, set out to find a specific thing not just there to dig (burial map), conducted first scientific excavation, paid attention to context
Jacques Cuvier
created catastrophism, tried to reconcile religion and science
Flavius Josephus
of the Roman legion. The guy who oversaw the end of Massida.
Tigris and Euphrates
two rivers between Mesopotamia
hieroglyphics
deciphered by Champollion. Based on rosetta stone and used cartouche as first key
Boucher de Perthes
dug the The Abbeville gravels - exposed strata showing artifacts and non-existant animals and assumes they existed around same time (Law of Association)
Emile Paul Botta
believed Khorsabad to be the site of Troy
Olmec
an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. 1400-400BC the Formative Period; see first civilizations of the Americas, inhabited Tropical Lowlands along Gulf of Mexico, known for construction of large earthen mounds and monumental sculptures, cities: San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes
lion's gate
In Mycennae, helped Schliemann find Sumerians
Alexander the Great
great conqueror
Gaza
a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west and Israel on the north and east. It is about 41 kilometers (25 mi) long, and between 6 and 12 kilometers (4-7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of 360 square kilometers (139 sq mi).
EL sukenik
Jewish settler that was interested in finding out what the Dead Sea Scrolls meant, bought 3 remaining scrolls, saw they were biblical, collected all 7 gave to Frank Cross to decipher
vesuvius
volcanic mountain that covered Pompeii and Herculaneum, winds blowing towards coast so covered towns, erupted in AD 79
Susa
The place where the Code of Hammurabi was taken by the Elamites
sunni, shia islam
The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad, and the question of who was to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation. Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader should be elected from among those capable of the job. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The word "Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet." On the other hand, some Muslims share the belief that leadership should have stayed within the Prophet's own family, among those specifically appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God Himself. The Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet Muhammad's death, leadership should have passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali.
manual of discipline
essene community. sets out a set of rules for how a collective community can live together successfully, how relationships should work
assyriology
study of Syria (Layard), now means study of ancient Mesopotamia
Agamemnon
In Greek mythology he was hero and king of Mycennae, commander of Achaeans in Trojan War after Helen was abducted by Paris of Troy, was murdered by his wife
maya glyphs
Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently the only deciphered Mesoamerican writing system.
material culture
things utilized by people related to human behavior. anything that relates to what you do (ex: pen and paper)
Nebuchadnezzar
a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is mentioned in the Book of Daniel, and he constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. He conquered Judah and Jerusalem. He was traditionally called "Nebuchadnezzar the Great" (Daniel 1:1; Jeremiah 25:11). In contemporary Iraq and some other parts of the Middle East, he is glorified as a historic leader.
test implications
implied is usually in if then statements. relationships of close nature/involvements
politiko troullia
Drs. Steven Falconer, Patricia Fall and an international team of colleagues will conduct field research in 2006 and 2007 to study village agricultural development on Cyprus before the advent of cities. One of the most important legacies of early civilization is the establishment of the agricultural lifeways that have molded the natural and social landscapes we live in today. In the Near East, ancient agricultural intensification played a particularly important role in the evolution of urban-rural interactions and anthropogenic landscapes. A substantial body of theory and case studies highlights cities as the primary agents of agricultural change and landscape formation. New collaborative research on Cyprus will investigate pivotal aspects of agricultural change that may have proceeded independently of urban influences, reflecting paths of relatively autonomous rural change that lay at the foundation of agrarian civilizations.
mycenae
Lion's Gate of Mycenae, in Greece, Agamemnon found buried stele (standing stone- characteristic of ancient architecture. Schliemann finds tablets with archaic Greek gold mask- convinced it's Agamemnons.
Maya
200-800AD the Classical Period; settled in Southern Mexico and Northern Central America, established writing system, complex calendrical system, and made great strides in astronomy and math (0). 600-900AD cities were abandoned, very few stelae after 900AD- caused by overpopulation, degradation of landscape die to intensive agriculture, and climate changes. Ruler was semi-divine and participated in sacrifice, rain kept coming so people started to lose faith. Cities were hierarchically organized under a few primate centers. Ruler ship was often restricted to dynastic lineages
illiad
poem about fall of Troy, written by Homer
Heinrech Sehliemann
wanted to find Troy, excavated at hissilark, found mask of Agamemnon
Alexandria
300 BC more like modern cities named after alexander the great
memphis
capitol of egypt
William Longacre
Studied Pueblo Ranch and ethnographic analogy
legitimation
a leader's attempt to legitimize their rule and show their authority. i.e. Code of Hammurabi
bronze age
3500BC- 1200BC Significant new technologies, New cities, first metropolitan cities in Mesopotamia, First writings (Sumerians- invented cuneiform, has own language isolate) in Mesopotamia, First unified regional state in Egypt, Cities ruled by people closely related-> bickering... with respect to a given prehistoric society, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifacts.
Zealots
lived on or around Masada (large mountain), when Romans were invading the Jews Zealots refused to give up, were in an impregnable fortress with food and water, Romans give an ultimatum- build siege ramp and find them all dead- committed mass suicide but 5 didn't die and told the story, found ostraca in excavation
secondary products revolution
Cyprus, There is a beginning that was 10,000 yrs ago, Agricultural Revolution(Farming, Domestication of Animals), 5,000 years later, In the Bronze Age, Products you can take and trade. Products that can last a long time, ie Olive oil. Around 3000 BC, you see the rise of cities and market exchange. Beginning of states, and writing. Farmers can take their goods into town and trade for manufactured goods in towns. Wool. (Bronze Age: People started making market products so had to make fermented products that would last longer (ex: wheat and barley) ~3000 BC see rise of cities-> market exchange)
context
relationships of all artifacts and materials. What archaeologists do, antiquarians do not- they view material singly
Jersualem
where Abraham sacrificed his son, also where mosque was built by Umayyad Caliphate to mark holy "rock of foundation" where Muhammad ascended to heaven and came back
Nabataeans
from the south on the coast of the Meditteranian Sea, lived in Petra, were farmers but lived in dry land so they were good at harvesting water, good traders, tricked people to believe the river was guarded so got 10% of products
James Deetz
Created frequency seriation
levant
located btwn Egypt and Mesopotamia (crossroads), small population- people just traveled through, little to no streams, only river is Jordan River, Depended on rainfall, contains the Jordan rift- earthquakes, this is where the Philistines were enslaved before their escape to the Promise Land, Christian origins, pastural tradition-> where virtuous people live
priams treasure
along with Elgin Marbles created controversy about ownership, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann; cache of gold and artifacts said to be site of Troy. Assigned the name Priam from King. King Priam of Troy. Treasure ends up in Berlin, lost in WWII-> lost-> found in Hissarlik
Paul Kirchhoff
german ethnographer mexico first person to use the term mesoamerica
frequency seriation
seriation method created by Deetz 2. Frequency Seriation: based on the amount of time styles happen/ appears: associated with Deetze
nimrud
A.H. Layard, discovered Mesopotamia through excavations at Nimrud sites
semitic
refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. This family includes the ancient and modern forms of Akkadian, Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Ge'ez, Hebrew, Maltese, Phoenician, Tigre and Tigrinya among others.
arabic
in terms of the number of speakers, is the largest living member of the Semitic language family. Classified as Central Semitic, it has its roots in a Proto-Semitic common ancestor.
the siq at petra
Al-siq, everyone must go through before entering Petra
sumerian
first of Mesopotamian society to use writing
delegitimation
someone attempting to slander or erase the name of a former leader (Tutmosis III destroys Hatshepsut's cartouches)
Palestina
Romans gave name (judiah)
probability sampling
excavating in a random area to avoid bias, gives a place to start
abydos
pilgrimage big temple complex where the New and Old Kingdom would just come together for formal or political occasions.
Amarna
the Egyptian city that Akhenaten moved the capitol to, where peasants found letters
thermoluminescence
works best on pottery, solar radiation gets caught in fired clay
Queen Paubi
Queen of Ur whose tomb was found with court who committed suicide and the Royal Standard.
textual evidence
evidence from written records to answer archaeological questions
bible
Catholic
Tell el-hayyat
Canaanites village, small tell at Cyprus, middle Bronze Age reurbanization: made their own pottery
kuyunjuk/ninevah
Layard suggested to Botta to go mine in Kuyunjuk, but says no so Layard goes to Canning to ask for money, and goes to Kuyunjuk. Ninevah was in book of Jonah (Old Testament), town is like Las Vegas (crazy), had population of 120,000 and takes 3 days to cross. Layard finds missing piece to Epic of Gilgamesh there. cartouche tablets found here
Carter Ranch
a pueblo excavated by Longacre where large amounts of pottery were found and Long. Tried to decipher the reasons and way pottery was made.
Jericho
abandoned 1200 b.c. city north of dead sea. Israelites sacked city
Deir al-Bahri
location of Hatshepsut's tomb, where the bodies of the 42 missing pharaohs were found
Sadducees
appointed by a group of priests loyal to the Herodians to run 2nd Temple, grew in political and monetary influence, ran money changing tables which converted money into Roman currency in order for people to make offerings to the Temple (required)
King David
the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. He is depicted as a righteous king — although not without fault — as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited with the authorship of many of the Psalms. The biblical chronology places his life c.1037 - 967 BC, his reign over Judah c.1007 - 1000 BC, and over Judah and Israel c.1000 - 967 BC
pompeii
volcano. Shear abundance of stuff (artifacts, etc.). Age of the material. Remarkable preservation. Human remains. Commonality and different from our lives
Israelites
: the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel from the time of the conquest of the territory by Joshua until they were conquered by the Babylonians in c.586 BCE and taken into exile. They were divided in twelve tribes, each claiming descent from one of twelve sons and grandsons of Jacob.
Judea
: the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל‎ Eretz Yisrael), an area now divided between Israel and the West Bank (itself partly under Palestinian Authority administration and Israeli military rule). Judea is a Greek and Roman adaptation of the name "Judah", which originally encompassed the territory of the Israelite tribe of that name and later of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. The area was the site of the Hasmonean Kingdom and the later Kingdom of Judah, a client kingdom of the Roman Empire. In modern times, the name "Yehudah" may be used by Hebrew speakers to refer to a large southern section of Israel and the West Bank, or in the combined term Judea and Samaria to refer specifically to the West Bank area south of Jerusalem.
purposeful sampling
specific location
Herodians
a sect or party mentioned in the New Testament as having on two occasions--once in Galilee, and again in Jerusalem--manifested an unfriendly disposition towards Jesus (Mark 3:6, 12:13; Matthew 22:16; cf. also Mark 8:15, Luke 13:31-32, Acts 4:27).
akkadian
language of of Babylonia, Austen Henry Layard and Nineva
assyria
Nineveh is capitol of Assyria. Assyrian had 1st cities like the metropolitan areas .. conflict with Isrealites
datum point
a point of information on location (i.e. sea level, prime meridian, equator)
iron age
1200BC- 586BC 1200BC- political disruption: Sea peoples (Peleset, we know them as the Philistines) arrived with Ramses IV. Minoans also disappear. Israelites also escape from Egypt and appear in Holy Land (no archaeological evidence), turned away by Canaanites, settle on Mt. Nebo, burn Jericho where the Canaanites are.. First states settled by Canaanites, Israelites, and Palestine now ruled by a single ruler.. 1000BC- King David (Jerusalem) and King Soloman (built 1st Jewish Temple in Jerusalem) .. 701BC- after shift of power btwn North and South, power lays in North.. 586BC- power shifts to South, sacks Jerusalem and destroys temple- this begins the Jewish diaspora- 2000 years, have no home so begin wondering, some were taken to Babylon as slaves; came to an end in 1948 or 1949 (depending on if you look at it when Israel gained independence or when the UN recognized Israel)
Herculaneum
pyroclastic flow! city that were covered in volcanic ashes from the eruption of Mt. Veuvius. Their discovery was significant because of the sheer abundance of archaeological remains, the remote antiquity of the remains, the difference between ancient nd modern lifestyles, and the remarkable state of preservation. Herculaneum is Roman City. People of pempeii did not have time to escape the eruption but the people of Herculaneum had several hours to gather thei things and escape before a pyroclastic flow hit the city.
Hatshepsut
Egyptian queen who ruled as a regent for Tutmosis III who in turn defaced her funerary temple and destroyed her cartouches.
odyssey
poem of Odysseus' journey home after fall of Troy written by homer
babylonia
Mesopotamian society, city that first created states and had a king
Frank Cross
Old Testament scholar, in charge of the Dead Sea Scrolls, translated them but didn't publish
Charles Lyell
a geologist who created law of Uniformitarianism (if it's true then, it's true now). Worked to removed God from geological processes
giza
most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.
Howard Carter
discovered and hunted the tomb of King Tut
Homer
wrote Illiad and Odyssey
elgin marbles
along with Priam's treasure created controversy about ownership. Marble statues of Athena, part of construction of Parthenon. Thomas Bruce (earl of Elgin) bought permit from Ottoman Empire and shipped piece of Acropolis back to England. large marble structures of Athena, part of Parthenon structure.
Canaan
an ancient term for a region encompassing modern-day Israel and Lebanon, the Arab Palestinian Authority, plus adjoining coastal lands and parts of Jordan, Syria and northeastern Egypt. In the Hebrew Bible, the "Land of Canaan" extends from Lebanon southward across Gaza to the "Brook of Egypt" and eastward to the Jordan River Valley, thus including modern Israel and the area presently ruled by the Arab Palestinian Authority. In far ancient times, the southern area included various ethnic groups. The Amarna Letters found in Ancient Egypt mention Canaan (Akkadian: Kinaḫḫu) in connection with Gaza and other cities along the Phoenician coast and into Upper Galilee. Many earlier Egyptian sources also make mention of numerous military campaigns conducted in Ka-na-na, just inside Asia.
eridu
follows Mesopotamia, pilgrimage destination ritual center
absolute dating
Calendrical, C-14, Dendochronology, Potassium Argon, Thermoluminescence 1. Radiocarbon Dating: dating through measuring of radioactive elements, has to be organic, utilize back to 50,000 years, radiocarbon years (b.p.) [a.d. 1950] nuclear testing anything that died after 1950 has metabolized the nuclear atmosphere because of this, -radiocarbon calibration: taking 14C to determine the year that item was made.
empirical data
data that can be counted and revisited (tangible)
theory
a general statement, idea based on repeated observations. A theory is built through hypotheses. IT IS NOT A SPECIFIC TESTABLE STATEMENT. general attempt to make sense of the world based on observations
site
contains artifacts, ecofacts, and features
knossos
sir arthur evans excavated palace. palace of Minos with the story of Theseus and the minotaur
Senneacherib
the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (704 - 681 BC).
letter to jerusalem
Dead Sea Scrolls, Indian scrolls that were found in the 20th century. They included a whole body of biblical texts, a lot of the old testaments. It's a extra biblical text. (War Scroll, Manual of Discipline= both also Extra biblical texts), Written by the Essenes, whom lived in Qumran (Northwest corner of the Dead Sea). no exact date or author, addressed to people of Jeruselum, never sent, complains about life in the big city, accuses them of straying from God's path
Willard Libby
studied radio isotopes and determined the half-life of C14
political relations
textual evidence shown in the Amarna Letters
aramaic
spoken by Jesus, is a semitic language (spoken by people of the Middle East, North Africa, and Moorish Spain) so many places in the Bible spoke this language/ a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. It has been the language of administration of empires and the language of divine worship. It is the original language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud and Zohar.
five pillars of islam
1.Shahada- declaration of faith. "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger."2. Salat- prayer. Muslims pray 5 times a day in direction of Kaabah in Mecca 3. Zakat- expected to help the poor: 2.5% of wealth 4. Sawm- fasting. During month of Ramadan abstain from food, drink, and impure thought and deeds during daylight hours. Intent is to save food for the poor except more food is eaten-> big feasts at night 5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca during month of Dhu al-Hijjah (feast for the sacrifice); done once in a lifetime; males become Haj and women become Hajji
archaelogy
scientific study of human culture and behavior based primarily on material culture. Material culture-> behavior-> culture
Abbeville
( french city) was where rock hound/ geologist, Boucher de Perthes observed the stratigraphy of gravels (stream bed that use to flow). Found extinct animal bones, so argued that people had been around for much longer than thought. Utilized Law of association and superposition
cartouche
a hieroglyph containing a name, an oblong enclosure with a horizontal line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name
stratigraphy
study of remains based upon rock layers or strata
stylistic seriation
seriation method created by Petrie 1. Stylistic Seriation: based on character of artifacts: associated with Petrie
uruk
Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river
feature
non-portable artifact (i.e. sewage system, wall, hearth, grave)
artifact
an object that is left behind, man made
Royal Cemetery at Ur
Iraq, things were recorded exactly where they were found. Spatial context would tell what they meant.
A.E. Douglass
created dendochronogrophy
Apiru
Amarna. Letters written in Akkadian(writing system of cuneiform Apiru---possibly Hebrew.
Dendochronography
tree ring dating created by A.E. Douglass
History vs myth
history is recorded actual accounts mythology is unnatural phenomenon as explanation to happenings. truth vs. false, reality vs. unreality
radiocarbon calibration
calibration based upon the fact hat radiocarbon levels have been different throughout the years, visible in dendochrology
Tutankhamun
Egyptian King whose tomb was finally found in the piles of dirt in the edge of the Valley of the Kings
monticello
Thomas Jefferson's home in Virginia
Nile
river that runs through Egypt, produces very fertile land
bunarbashi
speculated to be place of Ancient Troy. However, too far from coast, too many springs (cold), big cliff base, no walls, no artifacts. Schliemann's work . Troy was not here. It was the popular choice. You cannot have a city without physical remains. People vanish w/o a trace. People always leave something.
JJ Winckelmann
German librarian and antiquarian, discovered buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, he found that style changes according to time (seriation)
battleship curves
diamond shaped, tells us that something is introduced in small numbers and it increases then tapers off, used in frequency seriation and attributed to James Deetz
diaspora
refers to the movement of any population sharing common ethnic identity who were either forced to leave or voluntarily left their settled territory, and became residents in areas often far removed from the former. It is converse to the nomadic culture.
Byzantium
Constantinople taken over by Turkey
Masada
the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of an isolated rock plateau, or large mesa, on the eastern edge of the Judean Desert overlooking the Dead Sea. Essenes and zealots
baksheesh
term used to describe tipping, charitable giving, and certain forms of political corruption and bribery in the Middle East and South Asia. Arabic gift, paid based on what is found, Schlemann
troy
site of Homer's story. Helen and Paris, city of big wall, center of Trojan War, excavated by Schliemann, in northwest Turkey
region
includes many sites
Herodian 2nd temple
586BC built during great political turmoil-> Herodian family came to power, rule in the name of the Romans and built Temple-> brought about Jewish revolts-> 70AD Temple destroyed by the Babylonians in order to delegitimize rule, only one wall remains- important landmark for Jewish people, prayers placed in wall and translated to God
Diospolis Parva
in Egypt, Petrie, stylistic seriation
Hissarlik
shleimenn thought most possible site of troy. after failure at Bunarbashi, Schliemann searches here, which satisfied Homer. However, no springs-> just a dry period. Works with Sophia and decides Troy was Tell site with 9 layers, II and III are levels for Troy
quran
muslim- arabic, took 21 years to be fully revealed, 114 chapters ordered by longest to shortest chapters
King Solomon
a figure described in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the Qur'an. The biblical accounts identify Solomon as the son of David
amarna
The area contains an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly-established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards. The name for the city employed by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten. located on the east bank of the Nile River in the modern Egyptian province of Minya.
AH Layard
Englishman, aristocratic family, very smart, trained in law, went to Sri Lanka with Mitford, traveled to Petra after Burckhardt (1840s), needs to send money home so he dresses as Arab to fit in and start working, takes job with Canning and is asked to ease tension between Britain and Russia (great Game), then works for Botta mining antiquities, Layard finds Ninevah
Leonard Woolley
excavated Ur in 1924 and found a ziggurat as well as the Death Pit of Ur (queen's tomb) where there was ritual suicide.
Muhammed
prophet of allah .. father was an icon maker, was visited by arch angel, Gabriel and is read the Qu'ran. Muhammad was illiterate like many believers so learned teaching orally; spreads to North Africa and Middle East, then to Spain, coasts of Africa and east to Indonesia. Mohammad declares we should not worship icons anymore but worship on God (Allah)-> he's kicked out of Mecca, pilgrimages to Medina. He goes back to Mecca, smashes icons and spreads Islam very rapidly.
Teotihuacan
: classic period large city valley of Mexico, 1800s laid out on grid system people lived in apartments - extensive water systems, built on islands with causeways linking city to mainland
bablyonian
first of Mesopotamian society that had King and states.
paleopathology
form of bioarchaeology that studies diseases
Flavius Silva
Destruction of the 2nd temple destroyed. The Jewish War.
JJ Burckhardt
person who went to Petra and Jebel Haroun
Canaanites
historical/Biblical region and people in the area of the present-day Gaza Strip, Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon. a political and aesthetic movement which reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jewish residents in Palestine and has significantly impacted the course of Israeli art, literature, and spiritual and political thought.
calendrical dating
a form of absolute dating that comes from written evidence (i.e. Theatre dedication written on plaque)
dead sea scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 800 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran, on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea. The texts are of great religious and historical significance, as they include some of the only known surviving copies of Biblical documents made before 100 AD, and preserve evidence of considerable diversity of belief and practice within late Second Temple Judaism. They are written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, mostly on parchment, but with some written on papyrus. These manuscripts generally date between 150 BC to 70 AD.
Hammurabi
legitimized rule by creating a series of 300 codes and posting them. Written in bas-relief They were stolen by the Elamites and take to Susa. A form of propaganda.
war scroll
vision of the future, cataclysmic battle at the end of the world btwn the sons of light and dark, clearly expected to happen in the writer's lifetime, refers to the Teacher of Righteousness: sounds very similar to the teachings of Jesus and opens with lines very similar to the Lord's Prayer
narmer palette
Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found. It is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. On one side the king is depicted with the White crown of Upper Egypt and the other side depicts the king wearing the Red Crown of southern Egypt. discovered by British archeologists James E. Quibell and Frederick W. Green in what they called the main deposit in the temple of Horus at Hierakonpolis during the dig season of 1897/1898.
half-life
the period of time it takes a radioactive material to halfway break down to a stable point
hijra
Muhammad's pilgrimage to Mecca, marks beginning of the Muslim calendar AD622
Potassium-Argon dating
on igneous rock - dates when lava becomes solids
James Ussher
believed that people had only be around for 6000 yrs
khorsabad
Iraq, emile paul botta believed khorsobad to be the site of Nineveh. Related to austen henry layard's nimrud excavations where he discovered the library of Ashurbanipal. Layard takes job here with Botta to mine antiquities
ethnic relations
textual evidence depicted with the Apiru
Umayyad and abbasid caliphates
AD661-750; comes after Battle of Karbala (battle over who will rule: Shias (wanted Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali) or Sunni, Shias outnumbered 40:1), Islam spreads to the Arab world, makes Damascus the capital Abbasid Caliphate- AD750-1258; changes the capital to Baghdad, Baghdad becomes leader of an enlightened culture and Islam as guardian of classical learning. Lingua franca- Arabic. Ends when Baghdad is sacked by the Mongol conquest
King Abargi
King whose tomb in Ur was found below the elaborate tomb of Queen Paubi. Found with a giant model ship and cylinder seals, looted in antiquity and covered with large wooden chest

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