UNIT 13 History
Terms
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- Postwar Consensus
- Two pillars: self congratulation and anxiety about communism. "Don't rock the boat," no extremism. CONFORMITY. Eisenhower
- Dynamic Conservatism
- conservative about money but liberal when it comes to humans. Eisenhower
- St. Lawrence Seaway and Interstate Highway System
- Canal between Montreal and Lake Erie; built to trigger economic development in the Midwest. Highway system across country. Eisenhower
- Termination Policy for Native Americans
- forced assimilation of Native Americans into dominant/white culture. Ended their benefits, such as reservations. Eisenhower
- "Military-Industrial Complex"
- Eisenhower said the U.S. was too focused on developing the military and soon it would become our sole international weapon. It would replace diplomacy and we would become too agressive.
- Joseph McCarthy
- extremely anti-communist. Led crusades against communists. Accused a lot of people of being communist. Truman
- Truman's Loyalty Probes
- Truman investigated the loyalty of government workers. Those deemed "disloyal" were discharged and blacklisted
- Blacklisting
- Truman. If a government worker was deemed "disloyal", they could no longer work in the government for fear that they would pass information onto the communists
- Alger Hiss & Whittaker Chambers
- Hiss was tried for passing classified documents onto communist spies. Truman and Acheson were on his side. Americans became suspicious of the loyalty of Democrats
- Dean Acheson
- Democratic Secretary of State. Came to Hiss' defense. Truman
- Internal Security (McCarran) Act
- 1950. Required members of communist organizations to register with the government and prohibited them from holding defense jobs or traveling abroad. Truman
- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- arrested for conspiracy to commit espionage. This was good for McCarthy's anti-communist campaign. Denied clemency, executed. Eisenhower
- Army-McCarthy Hearings
- McCarthy accused the US army of shielding and promoting communism. Showcased the Senator's abusive treatment of witnesses. Signified the end of McCarthyism. Eisenhower
- 38th Parallel
- Korean War. The line dividing north and south Korea. N.K. crossed it and began the Korean War.
- Kim Il Sung
- North Korea communist leader
- Syngman Rhee
- South Korea president
- General Douglas MacArthur
- led troops in South Korea. Pushed North Koreans back across the 38th parallel. Denounced concept of limited war.
- Truman's Firing of MacArthur
- MacArthur denounced limited war and hinted that the president was practicing appeasement. Truman's popularity sagged slightly as a result
- John Foster Dulles
- Eisenhower Secretary of State. Followed McCarthyism. Kicked many talented people out of office. Liberation instead of containment. Airpower and nuclear weaponry.
- Containment vs. Liberation
- Eisenhower. free Eastern European nations from Soviet control rather than trying to control the Soviet advances
- Massive Retaliation
- administration's phrase for nuclear obliteration of the Soviet state of China if they take agressive actions. Eisenhower
- Deterence
- The prevention of hostile Soviet behavior. Eisenhower
- Brinkmanship
- not backing out of a crisis, even if it meant taking a nation to the brink of war. ie: Cuban Missile Crisis. Eisenhower
- Domino Theory
- small, weak, neighboring nations (of communist nations) would fall to communism like a row of dominoes if the US didn't keep them "propped up"
- CIA Actions
- covert operations to destroy Third World governments. Instrument of foreign policy. "Plausible deniability". Eisenhower
- U.S. Information Agency
- Voice of American (European radio station that the US used as a tool for propaganda). Eisenhower
- Sputnik
- first earth-orbitting satellite. Triggered US to invest more in math and science education
- Missile Gap
- Surprisingly in America's favor. The gap between the two nation's missile advantages
- Mutual Assured Destruction
- deterence policy. One country destroys the otehr, tehy get destroyed in return. Eisenhower
- U.S. Occupation of Japan
- wanted to reconstruct postwar Japan and make it a democracy. Democratic constitution, women's voting rights, revitalized economy, and destroyed nuceal weapons. CITY ON THE HILL. Truman
- U.S. Nonrecognition of People's Republic of China
- Truman administration was alarmed by Sino-American friendship treaty. Didn't want "China lobby" to say U.S. had lost to China
- Cuban Revolution/Fidel Castro
- Cubans resented U.S. domination, so they sought Soviet help to curb American influence, wanted to break away from American grasp. Fidel Castro led the revolution and allied with Soviets. US sent CIA agents to mess things up and kill Fidel, but they failed. Eisenhower
- Operation Bootstrap
- Puerto Rico was a good place for tourism and industrial development. Attracted investments from large US corporations
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- result of Suez Canal crisis. Eisenhower wanted anticommunist Middle-east and oil, so he sought to befriend them. Other allies didn't consult with him about the Suez invasion and he got angry. To improve deteriorating Western position in Middle East and protect American interests, wrote doctrine. U.S. can intervene if any government threatened by communism asked for help. Deepened third world hostility toward US
- Truman's Civil Rights Record
- Truman felt a moral obligation to help the Southern blacks and was disturbed by the revival of the KKK. Tried to pass antilynching and anti-segregation legislation. Fair employment and racial desegregation of the armed forces
- NAACP Legal Defense Fund
- judicial support of civil rights. wanted to destroy "separate but equal" doctrine
- Brown vs. Board of Education
- Eisenhower. resulted in the revokation of "separate but equal" school systems
- White Citizens Council
- used money to resist southern school desegregation
- Little Rock, Arkansas
- Faubus ordered National Guard to keep blacks out of the public school even though the president ordered the black kids to go. Eisenhower dispatched army men to protect black students
- Montgomery Bus Boycott/Rosa Parks
- Rosa Parks arrested. led to MLK jr and others to arrange the bus boycott. lasted a year. finally bus company caved. bus desegregation. Eisenhower
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- led Montgomery bus boycott. first president of SCLC. major leader in civil rights movement
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- coordinated civil rights activities
- Greensboro Sit-Ins
- students refused to leave diners even though they wouldnt be served. non-violent protest. Eisenhower
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committe
- challenged the Status quo. sit-ins
- Kennedy's New Frontier
- sought to end racial discrimination, federal aid to educatino, medical care for the elderly, and government action to stop the suffereing country that was receeding
- SCLC, SNCC, CORE
- sit-ins, freedom rides. Many other non-violent civil rights actions
- March on Washington
- Kennedy. happened after Kennedy requested legislation to outlaw raciol discrimination. Marched knowing Kennedy was on their side
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- LBJ. outlawed racial discrimination in public accomidations and employment. Government can withhold funds from those who didn't comply
- Election of 1964
- Johnson's win signified that there was an oppurtunity to push through further reform was available.
- Voting RIghts Act of 1965
- LBJ. empowered the attorney general to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half the minority residents were registered.
- Great Society
- LBJ. Housing and Urban development, Medicare and Medicaid, educational funding, 1968 civil rights act, Indian Bill of Rights. Programs to finish Roosevelt and Truman's unmet goals
- The Warren Court
- LBJ. disposed by political conviction and a belief in judicial activism to play a central role in the resurgence of liberalism. Transformed criminal justice system.
- The War on Poverty
- LBJ. provided money to end poverty. included Job Corps, Project Headstart, and Upward Bound. Alleviated hunger and suffering. "TRickle down", more new jobs
- Nation Building
- Kennedy. used to get a "peaceful revolution". Sought to help developing nations through the early stages of nationhood with aid programs aimed at improving agriculture, transportation, and communications.
- Counterinsurgency
- used to defeat revolutionaries who challenged Third World governemtns that were friendly with the US. Kennedy
- Flexible Response
- capability to make any kind of war. Kennedy
- Berlin Wall
- Kennedy. soviets erected a wall to halt the exodus of east germans into west berlin
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- plan: cuban exiles would land and secure a beachhead, cubans would revolt agains castro and welcome new American government. plan failed. made castro more popular. this caused cubans to suspect another US attack, and thus turned to soviets for help
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Castro was hostile about the US threat to Cuba's independence. soviet didn't like US interfereing with only pro-communist Latin American country. Both countries agreed to put nuclear missiles in Cuba that were able to hit the US. Ended when US agreed to stop threatening Cuban independence and Soviets left CUba. Kennedy
- The Affluent Society
- name to describe postwar economic boom
- baby boom
- cause and effect of prosperity. gave business to builders, manufacturers, and school systems
- three cornerstones of the Postwar Boom
- construction (highways, suburbs, schools), automobiles (to get to suburbs), and defense
- Federal Housing Administration
- gave mortgage insurance to those who really needed it
- Highway Act
- approved funds for a long stretch of interstate highway. Eisenhower
- Megalopolis
- referred to the almost uninterrupted metropolitan complex. As cities grew due to booms, they expanded into each other and formed a giant megalopolis
- Sunbelt
- southern third of the US. Site of the search for affluence
- Conglomerate
- brings together companies in unrelated industries as a hedge against instability in a particular market
- AFL-CIO
- two unions joined. union membership grew slightly postwar
- "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson
- wrote about how DDT killed wildlife. Made many Americans aware of the cost that human conquest was having on the environment. Federal government finally banned DDT
- GI Bill of Rights
- provided money for war veterans to go to college. Pushed women out of college
- National Defense Education Act
- funded enrichment of math and science programs
- Billy Graham
- preached in stadiums nationwide. Used TV to broadcast to a larger audience
- Margaret Mead
- wrote about the contradictory roles of women in society
- Dr. Benjamin Spock
- wrote a book that urged mothers to always think of their children first
- Philip Wylie
- "Momism". Said mothers smothered their children and shielded them too much to the point that the children couldnt detach from the mothers
- Alfred Kinsey
- wrote two books about sexual behavior: one on men and one on women. The women statistics shocked America
- Youth Subculture
- rock 'n roll. movies. consumerism
- beat generation
- Invisible Man, On THe Road, rejected literary convention and conformity
- Occupational Segregation
- women were neglected and given low paying jobs
- Operation wetback
- federal program to find and deport illgal aliens
- Michael Harringtons "The OTher America"
- a book on the poverty in America. Shocked Americans about they poverty because they were very much teh Affluent society