China
Terms
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- class system
- 2 classes. emperor and women (have no rights) out of class. little movement between classes.
- xia
- (1994-1523 BC) along yellow river. presumed to be first dynasty but there is lack of evidence (only literary) was a collection of small states
- Han/later han
- (206 BC-220 AD) had silk road and tributary systems
- Shang
- (1523-1028 BC) technology advanced greatly. believed in deities (heaven and earth). ying yang = representation of deities. believed in divinations.
- trade expansion
- after 1557. trade expands quickly. western countries benefit. China doesn't
- other names for China
- land under heaven and middle kingdom
- Taoism
- lifestyle, stresses the importance of the individual. good, long life. yoga/taichi/acupuncture are all ideal way to find tao ("the way" means being one with nature and the natural world) this philosophy upset the government because it encouraged disloyalty to laws and government.
- autonomous region
- part of China. governed more closely. there are currently 5 autonomous regions.
- name the 14 terms of dynastic rule
- 1. Xia /// 2. Shang /// 3. Zhou /// 4. Qin/Chin /// 5.;6. Han/later Han /// 7.;8.;9.;10.;11.;12.; pencel of disunion /// 13. sui /// 14. tang /// 15.; 16.; 17.; 18.; 19.; period of 5 dynasties /// 20.;21; song/southern song /// 22. Yuan /// 23. Ming /// 24. Q'ing
- Mandate of Heaven
- (2000 BC - 1912 AD) emperor has divine power (son of heaven). 24 dynasties/4,000 years. when emperors don't meet their obligations (rule firmly, but fairly, defend the state, follow interests of the people) the emperor is killed and the mandate of heaven is taken from that family by the people and given to another deserving family.
- Qin/Chin
- (221-206 BC) legalist. china named after. began construction of the great wall of china
- Vasco Dee Gama
- 1st person to sail around africa and come to india. (was from portugal)
- Siddartha Gautama
- founder of Buddhism. Hindu prince. ultimately became Buddha (Buddha means "enlightened one"). he sat under a tree for 5 years and gave people advice. he then establish buddhis. he didnt like the caste system so in Buddhism all are equal at birth.
- divination
- telling the future. tea leaves/tarrot cards/palm reading/crystal ball
- merchants
- lower class. not respected because they make an "unhonest living)
- Huand He
- also known as the Yellow River not navigable. located in northern China. floods make teh land fertile but are also destructive. called "nation's sorrow" because it's more destructive than helpful
- Marco Polo
- (1272-1290) italian adventurist. lived in china and was fascinated by their culture. wrote a book on the glory of chin after returning.
- Zu Jiang
- Also known as the Pearl River. located in the South. flows into Hong Kong and the sea.
- River's value
- trade, direct water, culture, food (fish), laundry, sewage. many people get sick from the rivers.
- scientists
- lower class. not valued because their theories and experiments clashed with the concepts of confucianism
- population
- 75% rural. 25% urban. 95% in east. 5% in west. population = 1.4 billion. (20% of the global population of 6.7 billion)
- southwest climate
- cold, dry, steep. little agriculture. the people are herders.
- trade restrictions
- 1757. chinese government restricts trade to 1 port - canton. (modern day Guangzhou)
- sui
- (568-618 AD) reunification of china after pencel of disunion
- dark ages
- (circa 600s- circa 1450) no real culture. europe = chaos (plague/war/death)
- 5 corner stones of behavior
- kindness, uprightness, decorum (manners), wisdom, and faithfulness
- silk road
- trade route. silk/porcelain/ from middle east (Aleppo) to China (xian - capital) connected China and europe
- Lao Tzi
- (300 BC) started Taoism. wrote "classic of the way and its power"
- Karma
- you continue living and being reincarnated as other creatures until your "bad list" is empty and your "good list" is full. once this is obtained you may enter nirvana.
- scholars
- teachers, lawyers, etc. repected because they are educated. members of the upper class
- Mencius
- confucius's greatest disciple. called the 2nd sage. wrote analects.
- zhou
- (1028-256 BC) feudalism. confucianism/taoism/legalism. mencius though of mandate of heaven. advanced metal working (bronze)
- Where is China Proper?
- south eastern China
- pencel of disunion
- (220-586 AD) China is divided into 3 parts. (6 dynasties)
- 1st opium war
- (1839-1842) Britain wins. leads to treaty of Nanjing/Nanking
- Dalai Lama
- buddhist leader. currently residing in India.
- four noble truths
- all life contains suffering/sorrow. desire causes this suffering. renouncing desire frees people from their suffering. eightfold path leads to nirvana.
- treaty of Nanjing/Nanking
- 5 ports opened (hong kong) to british for free trade (no taxes)
- gentry
- auristocracy. made money by owning land. members of the upper class
- tang
- (618-907 AD) Buddhism at its peak. promotion of art, literature, etc.
- tributary system
- surrounding countries pay tribute to emperor and get military protection in return
- soldiers
- highly respected only during times of war.
- period of 5 dynasties
- (907-960 AD) struggle
- song/southern song
- (960-1279 AD) time of strife and shrinkage
- Christianity
- After 1600 AD. European colonization. equality at birth and death. eternal life.
- education
- almost exclusively for sons of the upper class. practical things (math, science, etc.) are not taught. most important thing that is taught is confucianism. memorization is key. education system is strict but limited. no women are educated
- peasants/artisans
- respected for their handiwork. members of the lower class due to lack of education
- structure of Confucianism
- each individual has his/her place in society. no individuality, no ambition, no movement. outlines the 5 key relationships and corner stones of behavior.
- yuan
- (1279-1368 AD) monoglian dynasty. khan rule - Khublail Genghis
- government officials
- bureaucracy. members of the upper class
- gobi desert
- located in north central China. 2nd largest desert in the world. extreme temperature. very dry and infertile. sand is called loess.
- Himalayas
- southwest corner. Mt. Everest w/ a peak of 29,000 ft.
- Sherpa
- name of the people who in in the southwest. (herders) they herd sheep, yaks, etc.
- tilial piety
- deference to ancestors. understanding family tree and traditions
- confucianism
- (551 BC - 479 BC) lifestyle based on the teachings of Confucius and Mencius
- Chang Jiang
- also known as Yangtze. navigable. located in central China. flows to the ocean.
- portugal
- 1st country to send explorers, monopolize route and have a permanent settlement (2nd spain/3rd england/4th france/5th holland were next)
- Tibet
- autonomous region. Led by Dalai Lama. Southwest. people want freedom.
- 5 key relationships
- father/son and brothers, husband/wife, friend/community, and ruler/ruled.
- opium
- (1839) Chinese government orders the destruction of British opium. British send in military
- Chinese religion
- people draw from different inspirations and choose what to believe. they arent limited to one set religion like in many western countries
- Chinese world view
- sun and heaven/emperor is the center, then China proper, China borders, China's allies and enemies/other
- Bartholemeu Diaz
- discovered top of Africa (was from portugal)
- Legalism
- people are very bad. they need strict law and harsh punishment. society with very powerful emperor. examples made to scare people from committing crimes. not currently popular in China
- renaissance
- (1450) rebirth of culture. people are living long because the plague and 100 year war are over so they want to enjoy it. people now need $ to enjoy life. they get it through global trade.explorers are snet out to navigate routes
- ming
- (1368-1644 AD) chinese dynasty. advancement of art and literature.
- Q'ing
- (1644-1912 AD) last dynasty. manchurian (now part of China, but not China proper)
- loess
- organic sand found in the Gobi. gets swept up into the atmosphere and comes down in the form of rain. sand turns the rain yellow, which falls on the YELLOW river.