World History Central
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- called the first Crusade by asking his people for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine from Seljuk Turks
- Pope Urban II
- holy city for people of three faiths
- Jerusalem
- Third Crusade because it was called by three kings
- Crusade of Kings
- God will it!
- "Deus Vult"
- military expeditions by European Christians in the 11-13th centuries to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
- Crusades
- attacked the city of Constantinople
- Fourth Crusade
- King of England who was one of the three kings who organized the Third Crusade
- Richard I
- Muslim peole from central Asia - took Jerusalem
- Seljuk Turks
- united Muslim forces in the Third Crusade and then captured Jerusalem
- Saladin
-
1. helped break down Feudalism & increased authority of the kings
2. European presence in the East led to gereater demand for Eastern luxury goods: spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk
3. commerce increased in eastern Mediterranean area - Effects of the Crusades (3)
-
1 build better ships
2 make more accurate maps
3 use the magnetic compass to tell direction
4 imporve their weaponry - Crusaders learned to: (4)
- Jerusalem - holy city for people of three faiths - name them
- Christian, Muslim, Jewish
- God's own city and the site of Solomon's temple
- Jews -
- holy because it was where Jesus died and resurrected
- Christian -
- third holiest city - Muhammad ascended to heaven in Jerusalem
- Muslims -
- traveling poet-musician who composed poems and songs about love and the feats of knights
- troubadour
- person who works for a master to learn a trade, art or a business
- apprentice
- economy based on money which grew and the feudal system declined
- money economy
- documents that gave them the right to control their own affairs
- charters
- medieval town - created the name for a new class of people
- burg
- Peter Abelard wrote a collection of controversial questions
- Sic et Non
- early scholastic teacher who taught theology in Paris
- Peter Abelard
- skilled artisan who owned a shop and employed other craftsworkers
- master
- epic that gives and account of the chivalrous defense of Christianity
- Song of Roland
- written by Thomas Aquinas - claimed that reason was God's gift that could provide answers to basic questions
- Summa Theologica
- craftsworker who has finished an apprenticeship and works for pay
- journeyman
- type of learning that sought to reconcile classical philosophy of Aristotle with the Church's teachings
- scholasticism
-
medieval business association of merchants and craftsworkers;
primary function was to maintain a monopoly of the local market - guild
- the language of everyday speech
- vernacular
- wrote The Canterbury Tales which describes a varied group of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- one of the earliest surviving literary works - tale of grim battle and gloomy scenery; show harshness of life
- Beowulf
- the most important scholastic thinker
- Thomas Aquinas
- wrote The Inferno in Italian that describes an imaginary journey from hell to heaven
- Dante Aligheri
- weapon used by English that could shoot arrows capable of piercing heavy armor at 300 yards
- longbow
- struggle over the throne in England between the royal house of Lancaster and the house of York
- War of the Roses
- Royal house of York, Edwards brother who tried to rule after Edward was killed but lacked support; he fell to Lancaster noble Henry Tudor
- Richard III
- Joan of Arc, with the support of King Charles VII, inspired a French army to victory over the English
- Hundred Years' War
- along with his wife Isabella, they wanted to unite Spain and wanted all Spaniards to be Catholic
- Ferdinand of Aragon
- reflects the technology of the High Middle Ages; great work of Gothic architecture
- Cathedral of Chartres
- 17 yr old who told France's King Charles VII that heavenly voices had called her to save France
- Joan of Arc
- assembly of nobles, clergy and town officials in medieval Spain; also the parliament of modern Spain
- cortes
- tortured, tried and punished anyone suspected of heresy
- Spanish inquisition
- son of Charles VII strengthened the bureaucracy, kept nobles under royal control, promoted trade and agriculture
- Louis XI
- The "Back Death" which was the worst medieval epidemic
- bubonic plague
- first Tudor king who eliminated royal claimants to the throne, avoided costly foreign wars and increased royal power over nobles
- Henry VII
- where Joan of Arc led the French to victory; thus she is called the "maid of Orleans"
- Orleans
- consisted of 3 Christian realms: Portugal (west), Castile (center) and Aragon on Mediterranean coast
- Iberian Peninsula
- married Ferdinand of Aragon, but their two kingdoms maintained separate governments
- Isabella of Castile
- Christians of Northern Spain had been fighting against Muslim areas in Spain
- Reconquista
- Wycliffe's followers who angrily criticized the Church
- the Lollards
- the Slavs of Bohemia
- Czechs
- supporters of Jan Hus who resisted the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor
- the Hussites
- two popes were elected and the first one refused to decline causing this
- the Great Schism
- journey to holy place
- pilgrimage
- long period of the exile of the popes at Avignon, France - about 70 years
- Babylonian Captivity
- scholar at England's Oxford University who criticized the Church's wealth, corruption among the clergy and pope's claim to absolute authority
- John Wycliffe
- the selling of Church possessions
- simony
- popular preacher and professor at the University of Prague who was the leader of the Czech religious reform movement
- Jan Hus
- French archbishop who was elected Pope and moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in France
- Pope Clement V