History Final Exam Review
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- Protestant Reformation
- Begins in 1519; rooted in indulgences; started by Martin Luther
- Scientific Revolution
- Early 16th century; logic / reason
- Copernicus
- Polish monk and mathematician (1473-1543) = heliocentrism
- Tycho Brahe
- Danish Astronomer (1546-1601); strengthens Copernicus' model w/ eliptical orbits
- Johannes Kepler
- German 1571-1630 assistant to Brahe
- Galileo Galilei
- 1564-1642 Italian = heavenly bodies are not perfect spheres
- Robert Boyle
- 1627-1691 English = uses experimental method and trial-and error in chemistry
- Issac Newton
- 1642-1727 English = law of gravity
- Enlightenment
- Early 18th century - Belief that human reason could discover the laws that governed social behavior. More a frame of mind than a coherent movement
- Voltaire
- French Enlightenment thinker 1694-1778 - "no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for"
- Little Ice Ace
- 1590-1700; few-degree drop in temp. --> famine
- Spanish Inquisition
- 16th century - Spanish get rid of Jews / Moors / Non-catholics
- Church of England
- Founded in mid-16th century by Henry VIII after he can't get a divorce w/ Catherine
- English Civil War
- King Charles I rules for 11 years w/o summoning parliment; 1642 English Civil War Breaks out
- Glorious Revolution of 1688
- Coup against James II of England in 1688; Bloodless rebellion --> Bill of Rights of 1689
- Bill of Rights of 1689
- Signed by William and Mary = Successors to James; *starts constitutional track in England*
- Absolutism
- Exemplified by Louis XIV / Peter the Great = absolute royal power
- French Royal Authority
-
"king's touch" = king believed able to heal w/ a touch
King could overrule parliment just by walking in - Council of Trent
-
Christian chuch decides on music, baroque art,
lights = make church exciting - 30 Years War
- early-mid 17th century --> causes decline of Holy Roman Empire
- Oliver Cromwell
- Leader of English Civil War that beheads Charles I
- Balance of Power
- Louis XIV defeated in a series of 18th century wars by European temporary alliances
- Conclusion 1500-1750 Europe
- Age of progress tempered w/ religous persecution, wars
- Ming Empire 1500s
- Powerful economy (Europeans seeing this are astonished); manufacturing and agriculture prosper, but serious problems develop
- Factors of Fall of Ming
-
Little Ice Age --> famine --> uprisings
Urban Growth --> price inflation
Corruption --> disorder and inefficiency - Fall of Ming
- Uprisings / Foreign invasions weaken ming, and Li Zecheng (= rebel leader) takes Bejjing. Manchu then force Li Zicheng out and found Qing Dynasty
- Qing Dynasty
- Manchu dynasty replacing Ming
- Kangxi
- Ming Emperor (1622-1722) = prosperous period. Repairs infrastructure, encourages trade; open to Western ideas (even considered using Gregorian Calendar)
- Yangzhou Massacre
- Manchu restore order by first breaking it down; women = objects; harsh discrimination against women
- Treaty of Nerchinsk
- 1689 treaty btwn. Qing and Russia negotiating border along Amur River
- Philosopher Kings
- Voltaire's description of Chinese Emperors; appealing philosophy to Enlightenment thinkers
- Tea
- British have high demand for tea, angered by Canton System = only trade from Canton
- McCartney Mission
- late-18th century; McCartney dispatched by British as a "tribute emmisary" wanting increased trade, but China refuses
- Princes of Muscovy
- Evict Golden Horde in 1478
- "Third Rome"
- 1600s Russia claims to be "3rd rome", but this is greatly exaggerated b/c they are very backward
- Cossaks
- Mercenary soldiers; sometimes fought for and sometimes against Russian tsars
- Time of Troubles
- Early 17th century - Swedish and Polish briefly take Moscow; evicted and Mikhail Romanov becomes Tsar
- Boyars
- Russian Aristocracy; only 2% of population (rest = serfs)
- Serfs
- mid-17th century - early-18th century; lower class transformed into serfs
- Peter the Great
-
1689-1725;
-Westernizes (he goes to Europe incognito to bring back technology)
-Authoritarian but no lavish lifestyle
-Brings Russia to Power / now seen as a European nation - Brinton's Spiral
- Moderate--> Radical--> Conservative--> Reactionary--> Dictatorship
- Estate System
-
Rigid class structure (like middle ages = can't move up)
1st - Clergy
2nd - Nobility
3rd - Everyone Else (bourgeoise-beggars)! - Sans-Culottes
-
Working Class (skilled and unskilled)
- now unable to earn a living
- very angry
- tradition of food riots
- ** nothing to lose ** (this is essential to revolution) - Roots of Revolution
-
- Depleted treasury (from king, wars, only 3rd estate = taxed)
- Wretched conditions of poor / class divisions - Estates General
- Called in 1788-89 for first time since 1614 b/c king needs taxes 1st and 2nd estates; vote is 2-1 against taxes (duh)
- National Assembly
- Third estate declares itself "National Assembly" and intends to force a constitution
- Tennis Court Oath
- 3rd estate locked out so meets on a tennis court and vows to get a constitution
- Storming of the Bastille
- Crowd attacks the bastille = medieval fortress used as a prison
- Declaration of the Rights of Man
- National Assembly declares that people are soverign; life/liberty/property
- Storming of Versailles
- King and Queen are escorted to Paris
- Jacobins
- Uncompromising Democrats
- Girodinists
- Moderate Jacobings, also known as 'the mountain' b/c of sitting up top; lead by Maximilien Robespiere
- Robespiere
- allies w/ working class and forms Committee of Public Safety to run the Reign of Terror
- Reaction in the French Revolution
- Robebpierre is executed; new executive authority (The Directory) is formed and Napolean Bonaparte siezes power
- Napolean Bonaparte
-
1769-1827; siezes power in 1799;
example of Popular Authoritarianism - Napoleonic Code
- Provides Personal Security while denying individual rights (i.e. free speech / expression)
- Haitian Independence
- 1804; Francois Dominique Toussaint(former slave) establishes Haiti as second independence state in Americas (after US)
- Congress of Vienna
- Reactionary European Congress to attempt to erase memory of French Revolution / Napolean (revolutionary ideas are spreading). They redraw the map of Europe and reset balance of power; install a bourbon on the french throne
- Revolutions of 1848
- Paris - Lousi Philippe is overthrown and Second French Republic is created
- Agricultural Revolution
- Revolution in Farming; rich benefit b/c they can afford to risk using new methods; this --> population boom
- Great Britan Leads IR
- Other countries follow; read Sherman on this
- 5 roots of innovation
-
(1) mass production through division of labor
(2) new machines / mechanization
(3) inc. manufacture of iron
(4) steam engine
(5) telegraph - Industrial Revolution
- Economic and Social change of the late-18th and 19th centuries, which transformed Great Britain and then other nations from basically agricultural and commercial economies to industrial economies.
- Advantages of Mechanization
- Production increases while price decreases; Wedgewood = example
- Iron
- New, cheaper refining processes --> "coke" iron = mas iron production. Cheap iron --> mass production of guns, tools, etc.
- Steam Engine
- Leads to Trains and revolutionizes transportation;. England and other countries become criss-crossed w/ railroads. Start of globalization
- Hegelian Thinking
- Thesis and Antithesis clash --> synthesis = how history changes
- Impact of IR
-
- Rich grow richer and poor grow poorer
- Environmental Problems (deforestation)
-Growth of towns
-Growth of transportation - IR working conditions
- dull, clock-based; accidents are common
- Telegraph
- revolutionizes communication; moves to post-industrial age (growth of new SERVICE INDUSTRY)
- Ludites
- hated machines / wrecked them
- Thomas Malthus
- Population inc. --> Food supply dec.
- Liberal
- wants slow, graduated reform