APHG Chp. 1
Terms
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- gross domestic product
- total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year
- little ice age
- temporary but significant cooling period between 14th and 19th centuries
- pacific ring of fire
- ocean zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes
- Taoism
- religion based of book of way. which promotes oneness with humanity and nature
- formal region
- region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena.
- census
- official count of country's population
- toponym
- place name
- intermodel
- places where two or more modes of transportation meet
- folk-housing region
- region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects the styles of buildings that are particular to the culture of the people who have been living there awhile
- international refugees
- refugees who have crossed international boundaries
- locational interdependence
- competitors in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another
- disamenity sector
- very poorest parts of city often controlled by gangs and drug lords
- gondwana
- southern portion of the primeval super continent, pangaea
- context
- geographical situation in which something occurs
- monolingual states
- countries in which only one language is spoken
- geometric boundary
- political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc
- territoriality
- country's local community's sense of property and attachment
- world city
- dominant city in terms of global position
- centripetal
- forces that unify a country together
- official language
- language selected to promote internal cohesion
- deforestation
- clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agriculture uses
- racism
- superiority associated with race
- local culture
- group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a group or community
- agora
- public spaces where citizens debated
- unilateralism
- world order in which one state is in position of dominance
- functional zonation
- division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
- refugees
- people who have fled their country
- quinary economic activities
- service sector that require high level of specialized knowledge
- gravity model
- mathematical prediction of the interaction of places- population and distance
- ability
- capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals
- commodity chain
- series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market
- supranational organization
- three or more states with common shared objectives
- green revolution
- successful development of higher-yield, faster growing varieties of rice in certain developing countries
- federal
- political system wherein central government allows various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws
- sequent occupance
- successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place
- isotherm
- line of map connecting points of equal temperature
- suburbanization
- movement of upper and middle-class people to urban core areas to surrounding outskirts
- demarcation
- actual placing of a political boundary on the landscape by means of fence, etc.
- holocene
- current interglaciation period
- blockbusting
- real estate agents stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging blacks to move to previously white neighborhoods.
- rank-size rule
- population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
- commodification
- something is given monetary value
- agricultural village
- small, egalitarian village where most of population is involved in agriculture
- cultural trait
- single element of normal practice in culture
- griffin-ford model
- model of latin american city showing blend of traditional elements of latin american culture with the forces of globalization
- religious extremism
- religios fundamentalism carried to point of violence
- activity space
- space within which daily activities occur
- territorial integrity
- right of a state to defend it's border
- nation-state
- theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system where all people see themselves as unified nation
- accessibility
- degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location
- hajj
- muslim pilgrimage to mecca
- jihad
- doctrine within islam. personal or collective struggle on the part of muslims to live up to the religious standards set by Qu'ran
- intervening opportunity
- presence of nearer opportunity
- hinterland
- surrounding area served by an urban center
- language family
- group of languages with a shared ut fairly distant origin
- gated communities
- restricted neighborhoods
- new urbanism
- outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries that calls for walkable neighborhoods and diversity of housing
- spaces of consumption
- areas of a city whose main purpose is to encourage people to consume goods and serivces
- urban hierarchy
- ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions
- globalization
- expansion of ecnomic, political, and cultural processes to he point that they become global in scale and impact
- asylum
- shelter and protection in one state from refugees of another
- export processing zones
- zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax and trade agreements to attract foreign trade/investment
- mutual intelligibility
- the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
- maquiladora
- zones in northern mexico with factories supplying manufacturing goods to the U.S. market
- human territoriality
- effectors of human societies to influence events and achieve social goals
- social stratification
- differentiation of society into classes
- zoning laws
- legal restrictions of land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed where
- dowry death
- in arranged marriages in india, bride is killed for failure of father to pay dowry
- desertification
- encroachment of desert conditions on moister zone
- isogloss
- boundary wthin which a particular linguistic feature occurs
- pastoralist
- person involved ina form of agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock.
- pull factor
- positive conditions that attract you to an area
- environmental determinism
- natural environment has a controlling influence over human life
- gerrymandering
- redistricting for an advantage
- tear-downs
- homes bought with intent of tearing down and replacing them
- slash-and-burn agriculture
- burning to clear land for agriculture
- glaciation
- period of global cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand
- physical-political boundary
- boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape
- race
- physical characteristics of a person
- commercial agriculture
- large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land base, factory-type labor forces
- mass extinctions
- mass destruction of most species
- selective immigration
- individuals with certain backgrounds are prevented from immigrating into a country
- urbanization
- movement of people to clustering of people
- gendered
- whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women
- relative location
- regional position on a place in relation to other places
- acid rain
- caused by oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gas are burned
- sense of place
- meaning attached to a place
- cultural complex
- set of cultural traits
- special economic zone
- specific area to attract foreign investment that has special tax incentives
- shantytown
- unplanned slum development in margins of cities
- wisconsinan glaciation
- most recent glacial period of Pleistocene
- internal refugee
- people who are displaced within their own country
- acropolis
- upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city-religious purposes
- organic agriculture
- agriculture that avoids pesticides, growth hormones...
- gentrification
- rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned housing of low-income inner-city residents
- stationary population level
- no population growth
- hinduism
- oldest religions, does not have a single founder or theology
- just in time delivery
- method where companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production
- agriculture
- purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
- restrictivepopulation policies
- government policies designed to reduce rate of natural increase
- postcolonialism
- examining the enduring impacts of colonialism
- intrafaith boundaries
- boundaries within a single major faith
- transhumance
- seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock
- time-space compression
- effects of living in a world of time-space convergence
- splitting
- majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each distinct. to give majority control
- monotheistic religion
- belief system in one supreme being
- invasion and succession
- new immigrants move to and dominante area/neighborhood that was occupied by older immigrant groups
- biodiversity
- total variety of plant and animal species
- gender
- social differences between men and women
- sacred site
- place where people with same religious meet. it holds meaning
- global scale
- interactions occurring at the scale of the world
- cyclic movement
- movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
- reterritorialization
- people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves,doing in context of local culture and make it their own
- forced migration
- human migration flow in which movers have no choice but to relocate
- centrality
- strength of urban center to attract producers and consumers to it's facilities
- situation
- relative location of place
- delimitation
- translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartographic representation
- guest worker
- legal immigrant who has a work visa usually short term
- dependency theory
- political and economic relations between regions have limited the extent to which some countries can develop
- microcredit program
- program that provides small loans to poor people especially women in the encouragement of small business
- deep reconstruction
- using vocabulary of extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language
- possibilism
- human decision making not environment is crucial factor in development
- kinship links
- when migrant's go where family or friends have already found success
- horizontal integration
- ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at eh same point on a commodity chain
- arable
- land fit for cultivation
- remote sensing
- collecting data of earth, through distant objects
- absolute location
- exact position of place on earth
- rectangular survey system
- divide parcels of land into series of rectangles
- structuralist theory
- global economy has power relations that causes economic disparities
- redlining
- discriminatory real estate practice. minorities are prevented from obtaining money
- shifting cultivation
- cultivation of crops in tropical forests clearing. abandoned after a few years
- global language
- language used most commonly around the world, based on number of speakers or use in commerce
- remittances
- money migrants send back to families
- ethnicity
- affiliation or identity within a group of people
- extinct language
- language without any native speakers
- universalizing religion
- belief system that adheres to all people and seeks new members
- time-space convergence
- greatly accelerated movement of good and ideas made possible by technological improvements
- backward reconstruction
- tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward original language
- contagious diffusion
- diffusion by contact person to person
- centrifugal
- forces that tend to divide a country
- gatekeepers
- people or corporations who control access to information
- physiologic population density
- number of people per area of arable land
- connectivity
- degree of direct linkage between two locations
- Buddhism
- religion based on belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge. splintered from Hinduism
- central business district
- downtown heart of central city, high land value and concentration of business and commerce
- material cultural
- art, housing, clothing of a group of people
- reapportionment
- representative districts are switched according to population shifts
- global-local continuum
- what happens at global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale
- quaternary economic activity
- service sector concerned with collection of information and capital
- secularism
- religion is not important part of daily life
- break-of-bulk point
- location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another
- shintoism
- religion in japan that focuses on nature and ancestor worship
- emigrant
- person migrating away from a country
- lingua fraca
- common language used for purposes of trade and commerce
- unitary state
- a nation-state that has a centralized government
- popular culture
- cultural traits affected by western society, quickly changing
- mcmansions
- huge houses
- expansion diffusion
- spread of an innovation through expanding area
- complementarity
- two regions can specifically satisfy each other's demands
- glocalization
- process by which people in the local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
- modernization model
- model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development
- space
- social relations stretched out
- central ctiy
- urban area that is not suburban, older or original city
- subsistence agriculture
- agriculture on the small scale
- geographic concept
- way of seeing the world spatially
- confucianism
- philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of confucius
- conquest theory
- theory of how proto-inko european spread into europe that speakers spread westward on horseback
- identity
- how we make sense of ourselves
- edge cities
- shifting focus of urbanization away from the CBD toward urban fringe.
- longlot survey system
- land is divided into narrow parcels
- independent invention
- trait with many cultural hearths that developed independently
- manufacturing export zones
- host country establishes areas with favorable tax and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations
- perceptual region
- region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea
- animistic religions
- belief that inanimate objects that are elements of nature possess souls
- forum
- focal point of ancient roman life
- time-distance decay
- declining degree of acceptance of an or innovation with increasing time and distance from source
- Post-fordist
- world economic system by a more flexible set of production standards. outsourcing.
- expansive population policies
- government policies that encourage large families and raising the population growth rate
- eugenic population policies
- government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
- cultural hearth
- place of origin of a major culture
- fordist
- highly organized system for industrial production and labor
- population explosion
- rapid growth of world's population
- synergy
- cross-promotion of vertically-integrated goods
- neolocalism
- seeking out regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to uncertainty of real world
- placelessness
- loss of uniqueness of a place
- pangaea
- primeval supercontinent
- folk culture
- cultural traits that are small in traditional communities
- formal economy
- legal economy that is taxed and monitored
- dispersal hypothesis
- proto-indo european was first carried eastward into southwest asia, then to caspian sea and then across russian-ukrainian plans and on to balkans
- high-technology corridors
- area along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products
- genetically modified organisms
- crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering
- periodic movement
- movement for example college or military service. temporary relocation
- mercantilism
- associated with promotion of commercialism and trade.
- island of development
- places built up by government or corporations to attract foreign inventment
- authenticity
- in context of local culture the accuracy with which a single stereotype conveys the culture
- vertical integration
- ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a commodity chain
- agribusiness
- businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support agriculture
- luxury crops
- non-subsistence crops
- participatory development
- locals should be engaged in deciding what development means for them and how it should be achieved
- cultural landscape
- visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
- democracy
- people are ultimate sovereign and have final say
- language divergence
- new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects
- spatial
- space on earth's surface
- geographic information system
- collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, and analyzed
- language
- set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication
- friction of distance
- increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
- McGee model
- model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of southeast asia
- peace of Westphalia
- peace negotiated in 1648 to end the thirty year's war
- pilgrimage
- voluntary travel to a sacred site
- doubling time
- amount of time it takes population to double
- metes and bounds system
- divides land based on physical characteristics
- laws of migration
- five laws that predict the flow of migration
- boundary
- vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below and airspace
- language convergence
- collapsing of two language into one.
- Queer theory
- political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative
- standard language
- variant of a language that a country's elite try to promote
- renfrew hypothesis
- three areas in and around fertile crescent, gave rise to three language families.
- demographic transition
- based on western european experience of changes in population growth undergoing industrialization.
- central place theory
- Walter Christallr that explains how and where central places should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another
- agricultural surplus
- production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her family
- custom
- practice routinely followed by a group of people
- minaret
- tower attached to a muslim mosque
- fieldwork
- study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and interviewing people
- quotas
- established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country
- identifying against
- constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then by defining ourselves as "not the other"
- cartography
- map making
- chlorofluorocarbons
- synthetic organic compounds used in refrigerants and as propellants. destroy ozone
- push factor
- leave their home. negative conditions
- dollarization
- poor countries ties the value of its currency to that of a wealtheir country and abandons its currency
- geocaching
- hunt for a cache using GPS
- monoculture
- dependence on a single agricultural commodity
- Megalopolis
- large supercities
- interfaith boundaries
- boundaries between the major religions
- agglomeration
- clustering of people or activities. businesses benefiting from close proximity
- primary economic activity
- extraction of natural resources
- natural increase
- number of births over deaths
- diaspora
- dispersal of jews now more widely used
- religious fundamentalism
- movement to return to the foundations of the faith
- genocide
- systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
- informal economy
- economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored
- deglomeration
- industrial deconcentration due to technological advances and increasing costs due to competition
- commercialization
- transformationof an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity
- pleistocene
- most recent epoch of the late Cenozoic Ice Age
- ethnic neighborhood
- neighborhood situated in larger metropolitan city and comprised of a local culture
- sound shift
- slight change in a word across languages with a sub-family
- caste system
- strict social segregation of people-india
- stimulus diffusion
- diffusion in which cultural adaptation is created from initial introduction
- devolution
- regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy
- primate city
- country's largest city.
- primogeniture
- system in which eldest son inherits all of the land
- functional region
- region defined by particular set of activities within it
- chain migration
- migrants move along and through kinshp links
- global positioning system
- satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places
- homo sapiens
- human species
- feng shui
- chinese art and science of placement of buildings, homes, and cities to channel flows of sheng-chi in a favorable way
- site
- absolute location of a place
- cultural diffusion
- expansion and adoption of a cultural element from place of origin
- technopole
- centers or nodes of high-technology research
- global division of labor
- phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world
- offshore
- to outsource to a third party located outside of country
- imam
- in muslim culture, person who leads prayer services.
- township-and range system
- rectangular land division designed by Thomas Jefferson
- environmental stress
- threat to environmental society by human activity
- assimilation
- people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture
- step migration
- migration to a distance location that occurs in steps
- shamanism
- community faith where everybody follows shaman-teacher/healer
- christianity
- religion based on teachings of jesus
- tertiary economic activities
- economic activity is associated with provision of services
- nostratic language
- believed to be ancestral langauge of pro-indo- european
- heartland theory
- political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominant the world
- hierarchical diffusion
- diffusion in which idea spreads by passing first through most connected places
- cultural barrier
- prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable in that particular culture
- animal domestication
- genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
- distance decay
- effect of distance on interaction
- ethnic religion
- religion particular to one culturally distinct group of people
- mass depletions
- loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species
- international migration
- human movement involving movement across international boundaries
- toxic waste
- hazardous waste causing danger from chemicals and infectious organisms
- arithmetic population density
- population of a country expressed as an average per unit area
- nation
- tightly knit group of people which similar language, religion, culture
- gross national product
- value of all goods produced by a countries individuals even if they aren't located within the country
- location theory
- logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of ecnomic activity.
- child mortality rate
- number of children that die before 5th birthday
- neocolonialism
- entrenchment of colonial order
- critical geopolitics
- reconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians
- urban morphology
- study of the physical form and structure of urban places
- capitalism
- economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange on world market
- central place
- any point or planin the urban hierarchy having a certain economic reach or hinterland
- barrioization
- dramatic increase in hispanic population in a given neighborhood
- aquifers
- porous, water holding rocks that provide millions of wells
- secondary economic activities
- activity involving the processing of raw materials
- greenhouse effect
- blanket like effect of the atmosphere in heating up the earth
- cultural appropriation
- cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
- sovereignty
- final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states
- zionism
- movement to unite jewish people of diaspora
- territorial representation
- system wherein each representative is elected form a district
- creole language
- language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue
- concentric zone model
- structure of american central city that suggests existence of five land-use rings
- germanic languages
- lanuages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern europe to the west and south
- atmosphere
- blanket of gases surrounding earth
- spatial distribution
- physical location of phenomena
- urban realm
- widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis. model of large US cities
- immigrant
- person migrating into a particular country
- state
- politically organized territory
- interglaciation
- period of sustained warming
- mental map
- image or picture of way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception
- cadastral map
- large scale map depicting value and ownership of land for purposes of taxation
- pidgin language
- two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
- dialect chain
- set of contiguous dialects in which dialects nearest to each other are closest related
- sanitary landfills
- disposal sites for non-hazardous waste
- relocation diffusion
- diffusion through migration
- dialect
- regional characteristics of a language
- deindustrialization
- companies move industrial jobs to other regions
- global warming
- earth is gradually warming as a result of an enhanced green house effect
- least cost theory
- which location of manufacturing establishments is determined by minimizing costs in labor, transportation, and agglomeration