WC- Chapter 13
World Cultures and Geography vocabulary, people to meet, and places to define.
Terms
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- Dante Alighieri
- Wrote the Divine Comedy, and epic poem in Italian that describes an imaginary journey from hell to heaven.
- Guild
- Medieval business association of merchants of craftsworkers.
- Crecy
- The English were first victorious here in 1246.
- the Seljuk-Turks
- Muslim people from central Asia-took Jerusalem in A.D. 1000s.
- Castile
- One of the three Christian realms in the Iberian Peninsula. Located in the center.
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- In England, produced the Canterbury Tales. These narrative poems describe a varied group of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to Thomas a Becket's shrine in Canterbury.
- Bohemia
- Slavs from here were known as Czechs, and became more aware of their own national identity.
- the Hussites
- Hus's supporters, resisted the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Church launched five crusades against them.
- Saladin
- Diplomatic and forceful leader united the Muslim forces and then captured Jerusalem in A.D. 1187.
- the Lollards
- Wycliffe's followers, angrily criticized the Church. They destroyed images of saints, ridiculed mass, and ate communion bread with onions to show that it was no different from ordinary bread.
- Agincourt
- The English were also successful here in 1415.
- Joan of Arc
- In A.D. 1429, appeared at he court of France's King Charles VII. She told the king that heavenly voices had called her to save France. She inspired a French army to victory at Orleans, soon after her triumph she fell into the English hands, was tried for witchcraft, and burned at the stake.
- Pilgrimage
- Journey to a holy place.
- Jerusalem
- The transformation of medieval society begun with holy war over this city.
- Peter Abelard
- Early scholastic teacher, taught theology in Paris during the early A.D. 1100s. In his book Sic et Non, he collected statements from the Bible and the writings of early Christian leaders that showed both sides of controversial questions.
- Pope Urban II
- Mounted a platform outside the church at Clermont, France, asking for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine from the Seljuks.
- Aragon
- One of the three Christian realms in the Iberian Peninsula. Located on the Mediterranean Coast.
- Ferdinand of Aragon
- Married Isabella of Castile. Their two kingdoms, however, maintained separate governments, and royal power was limited by local interests.
- Avignon
- Clement's court was moved from Rome to here.
- Flanders
- A region including present-day northern France and southwestern Belgium, became the center of trade on Europe's northern coast.
- Venice
- An Italian town along with Pisa and Genoa that controlled the Mediterranean trade after A.D. 1200, bringing silks and spices from Asia to Europe.
- Isabella of Castile
- Married Ferdinand of Aragon.
- Burgundy
- One of Europe's most prosperous areas,
- Louis XI
- Son of Charles XII, strengthened the bureaucracy, kept the nobles under royal control, and promoted trade and agriculture. Above all, he worked to unite all French feudal lands under his crown.
- Richard I
- King of England, joined with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany and King Philip Augustus of France assembled warriors for the Third Crusade.
- Apprentice
- Person who works for a master to learn a trade, art, or business.
- King Henry VII
- The first Tudor king. Eliminated royal claimant to the throne, avoided costly foreign wars, and increased royal power over the nobles.
- Constantinople
- The Seljuk-Turks mainly threated this Byzantine Empire city.
- Pope Clement V
- In A.D. 1305 a French archbishop was elected pope. Move his court from Rome to Avignon.
- Thomas Aquinas
- In the A.D. 1200s the most important scholastic thinker. In his work Summa Theologica, he claimed that reason was God's gift that could provide answers to basic philosophical quesitons.
- troubadour
- Poet-musician of the Middle Ages, who traveled from court to court.
- Scholasticism
- Medieval school of thought that tried to bring together Aristotle's philosophy and the teachings of Church scholars.
- Crusades
- Military expeditions by European Christians in the 11th-13th centuries to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
- John Wycliffe
- A scholar of England's Oxford University, criticized the Church's wealth, corruption among the clergy, and the pope's claim to absolute authority.
- Simony
- The selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
- Journeyman
- Craftsworker who has finished an apprentice and works for pay.
- Champagne
- The most famous fair was here in eastern France.
- Master
- Skilled artisan who owned a shop and employed other craftsworkers.
- Jan Hus
- The leader of Czech religious reform movement. A popular preacher and professor at the University of Prague.
- Bologna
- Most southern European Universities were modeled after the law school here in Italy, and specialized in law and medicine.
- Cortes
- Assembly of nobles, clergy, and town officials in medieval Spain; also, the parliament of modern Spain.
- Charter
- Formal document granting the right of self-rule.
- Richard III
- Proclaimed himself king after King Edward's death, and locked his nephews in the Tower of London. Tried to rule but lacked widespread support. He finally fell to the forces of Henry Tudor on Bosworth Field in A.D. 1485.
- Vernacular
- The language of everyday speech , not of scholars, in a country or region.