Call To Freedom Chapters 17-21 Terms
Terms
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- Amnesty
- An official pardon.
- Ten Percent Plan
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- Southerners had to swear an oath of loyalty to the US and accept a ban on slavery to recieve amnesty.
- Once 10 percent of voters in a state made these pledges, they could form a new government. - Wade-Davis Bill
-
- a state had to ban slavery and a majority of adult males in the state had to take the loyalty oath before it could rejoin the Union
- only southerners who swore that they had never supported the Confederacy could vote or hold office - 13th Ammendment
- - made slavery illegal throughout the United States
- Freedmen's Bureau
-
- purpose was to provide relief for all poor people - black and white - in the south
- distributed food to the poor and supervised labor contracts between freedpeople and their employers
- assisted black war veterans
- helped promote education in the South
- helped establish colleges for blacks - John Wilkes Booth
-
- shot Lincoln while he was watching in the theatre
- was a southerner who opposed Lincoln's policies - Andrew Johnson
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- Lincoln's vice president
- became president after Lincoln died - Black Codes
-
- laws that greatly limited the freedom of blacks
Ex.:
-any black who couldn't prove he/she had a job could be arrested.
-Blacks were prevented from owning guns.
-Blacks couldn't rent property in cities. - Radical Republicans
- - wanted southern states to change much more than they already had before they could return to the Union
- Thaddeus Stevens
- - leader, along with Charles Sumner, of the Radical Republicans
- Civil Rights Act of 1866
- - provided blacks with the same legal rights as whites
- 14th Ammendment
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1. all people born or naturalized within the US (except Native Americans) are US citizens
2. guaranteed to citizens equal protection of the laws
3. said that states couldn't "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"
4. banned many former Confederate officials from holding state or federal offices
5. made state laws subject to review by federal courts
6. gave Congress the power to pass any laws needed to enforce any part of the ammendment - Reconstruction Acts
-
- divided the South into 5 districts with a US military commander in control of each district
- military would remain in the South until the southern states rejoined the Union - 15th Ammendment
- - gave black men in the US the right to vote
- Carpetbaggers
-
- northern-born Republicans who moved the the South after war
- called this because they carried their possessions in bags made from carpeting - Scalawags
- White Southern Republicans, mostly white farmers who had supported the Union during the war
- Hiram Revels
-
- became the first black in the US Senate
- born free in North Carolina - Blanche K. Bruce
-
- grew up in slavery in Virginia
- first black to serve full term in the US Senate
- became important Republican in Mississippi - Ku Klux Klan
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- a secret society that oppposed civil rights, particularly suffrage, for blacks
- used violence and terror against blacks, white Republican voters, and public officials - General Amnesty Act of 1872
- allowed former Confederates, except those who had held high ranks, to hold public office
- Panic of 1873
-
- this hurt the Republicans
- marked the beginning of a severe economic downturn - Civil Right Act of 1875
- guaranteed blacks equal rights in public places such as theaers and public transportation
- Compromise of 1877
-
- Hayes vs. Tilden for president
- Tilden got more votes and Hayes got more electoral votes, but there was a compromise that Hayes would become president if the federal troops removed from the South - Redeemers
- Democrats that regained control of state governments in the South
- Poll tax
-
- a special tax people had to pay before they could vote
- was an effort to deny the vote to blacks - Segregation
- the forced but legal seperation of whites and blacks in public places
- Jim Crow Laws
- laws that required segregation
- Plessy vs. Ferguson
-
- court case
- Homer Plessy, a black, refused to leave the whites-only section of the train car
and was arrested because of the Jim Crow law that said that he couldn't do that
- Plessy's lawyers said that this violated his right to equal treatment under the 14th Ammendment
- Court's decision was to allow segregation - Sharecropping
-
- sharing the crop
- landowners provided land, tools and supplies while sharecroppers provided labor - Henry W. Grady
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- was a leader of the New South movement
- "built" textile mills and other factories for cotton production and cheap and abundant labor - Mary Noailles Murfree
- - wrote popular short stories and novels about the moutntain people of eastern Tenessee
- Joel Chandler Harris
- - wrote short staories about fictional plantation life
- Charles W. Chesnutt
- - was a black who wrote short stories that are collected in the book called _The Conjure Woman_
- Treaty of Fort Laramie
- - first major agreement with the Plains Indians
- Reservations
- areas of former Indian homelands to which the US government restricted the Indians
- Crazy Horse
- - a Sioux Chief that killed cavalry troops which built forts than ran through their hunting grounds to protect miners that crossed the Great Plains
- Treaty of Medicine Lodge
- - US government was asking southern Plains Indians to move off their lands and these people agreed to live on reservations in this treaty
- George Armstrong Custer
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- his soldiers found gold in the Dakota Territory and wanted the Sioux to sell their reservation land there
- he was killed in the Battle of the Little Bighorn - The Battle of the Little Bighorn
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-was the worst defeat the US Army had suffered in the West
- the Sioux's last major victory - Ghost Dance
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- a religious movement begun by Wovoka that predicted the arrival of a paradise for Native Americans
- US Army thought this would cause a Sioux uprising - Massacre at Wounded Knee
- - was the last major event of war on the Great Plains
- Geronimo
- - a Chiricahua Apache who left the reservation, avoided capture until he surrendered to the US Army and ended the Apache armed resistance
- Sarah Winnemucca
- - become one of the first Native Americans to call for reforms
- Dawes General Allotment Act
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- tried to lessen the tradition influences on Indian society by making land ownership private rather than shared
- also promised to make American Indians citizens
- failed to improve Indians' lives - Comstock Lode
- - a bonanza (large deposit of precious ore) that made mining a big business in the West
- Bonanza
- A large depsoit of precious ore
- Boomtowns
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-communities that sprang up when a mine opened
-dangerous places b/c they lacked basic law and order - Pony Express
- - a company that used a system of messengers on horseback to carry mail btwn relay stations on a route
- Transcontinental railroad
- - a roailroad that would connect the East and West
- Racific Railways Acts
- gave railroad companies loans and large grants which could be sold to pay for constructin costs
- Leland Stanford
- the Central Pacific's part-owner that praised Chinese workers but paid them less than whites
- Texas longhorn
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- Spanish cattle that mixed with English breeds
- ideal for Great Plains environment because they needed very little watter and could survive harsh weather - Joseph McCoy
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- business, build pens for cattle in Abilene, Kansas
- the Kansas Pacific RR went through Abilene, so cattle could be shipped from there - Cattle Kingdom
- - area of ranches for cattle stretching from Texas north to Canada
- Open range
- - public land throughout the Cattle Kingdomthat rnachers grazed their huge herds on
- Elizabeth Collins
- - started ranching and was nicknamed the Cattle Queen of Montana
- Range rights/water rights
-
- farmers bought these and these let hem use the scarce water as well as the land around it
- this way, ranchers could cut out competition by stopping farmers and other ranchers from using the water - (Mexican) Vaqueros
- Cowboys borrowed many of their techniques from these
- Nat Love
- - a black cowboy who wrote an autobiography about his life as a cowboy
- Roundup
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- gathering the cattle together
- during spring roundups, cowboys branded young calves and horses with the ranche's unique mark to prevent stealing - Cattle Drive
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-one of the most important and dangerous duties
-cowboys herded cattle to the market or to the northern Plains for grazing during these - Chisholm Trail
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- one of the earliest and most popular routes for cattle drives
- ran from San Antonio, Texas, to the cattle town of Abilene, Kansas - Range wars
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- wars between large ranchers, small ranchers, and farmers
- farmers and small ranchers cutting the fences and moving onto the land or stealing cattle led to this - Homestead Act
- - gave government-owned land to small farmers (160 acres of land for a small registration fee)
- Morrill Act
-
- granted acres of federal land to the states
- states are supposed to sell the land and use the money to build colleges to teach agriculture and engineering - Exodusters
- - Southern blacks that made a mass departure from the South to the west because of the promise of land
- Sodbusters
- - farmers who broke up the very hard sod with John Deere's deep steel plow
- Dry Farming
- a method that shifted the focus from water-dependent crops to hardier crops like a type of red wheat
- Cyrus McCormick
- made his fortune desigining, building and selling farm equipment
- Second Industrial Revolution
- was a period of rapid growth in US manufacturing in the late 1800s
- Bessemer process
- a method of blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove waste material
- Orville and Wilbur Wright
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-were bicycle makers who built a light-weight airplane with a small gas-powered engine
-made the first piloted flight in a gas-powered plane - Thomas Alva Edison
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-investigated the practical uses of electricity
-was awarded many patents - Patents
- an exclusive right to make or sell an invention
- Free enterprise
- meant that the government usually does not interfere with business
- Entrepreneurs
- people who start new businesses
- Corporations
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are formed by selling shares of stocks to stockholders
-stockholders in a corporation usually get a share of company profits, based on how much stock they own - Andrew Carnegie
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-one of the most admired business leaders of the late 1800s
-was in the steel production business
-biggest supporter of philanthropy - Vertical integration
- owning the businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process to lower production costs
- John D. Rockefeller
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-was in the oil-refining business
-big supporter of Social Darwinism
-owned Standard Oil Company
-used both vertical and horizontal integration - Horizontal integration
- owning all the businesses in a certain field
- Trust
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-a grouping together of a number of companies under one board of directors
-often tried to get rid of competition in their industry and to control production - Social Darwinism
- said that "survival of the fittest" also determined whno would succeed in human society
- Philanthropy
- giving money to the needy
- Sherman Antitrust Act
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-outlawed monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
-was difficult to enforce, and corps and trusts continued to grow in power - Frederick W. Taylor
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-worked to find ways to increase production and lower costs
-published _The Principles of Scientific Management_ which defined workers as parts of the production process than as people - Collective bargaining
- the method of workers acting collectively, or together, to have a much greater chance of winning labor disputes
- Knights of Labor
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-founded by Uriah Stephens
-leader became Terence V. Powderly
-first nation labor union in the US - Terence V. Powderly
- became the leader of the Knights of Labor
- Mary Harris Jones
-
-Unions organizer
-organized many strikes among workers
-fought to protect workers' rights - American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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-organized individual nation unions
-limited its membership to skilled workers
-led by Samuel Gompers - Samuel Gompers
- leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Haymarket Riot
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-union members in Chicago who went on strike for an 8-hour workday
-several people were killed and many injured in this incident
-many linked this to the Knights of Labor so their membership fell quickly - Anarchists
- people hwo oppose all forms of government
- Homestead strike
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-setting: Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania
-a protest against Frick's plan to add new machinery that would replace workers - Pullman strike
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-setting: Pullman's Palace Car Company in Pullman, Illinois
-this strike stopped when workers who stopped Pullman cars could be charged with the federal crime of interfering with US mail - Old Immigrants
-
-people who came to the US before 1800s
-mostly from Britain, Germany, Ireland and Scandinavia
-most Protestants, some Catholic - New immigrants
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-people who came to he US during the 1800s
-many came from southern and eastern Europe
-many came for freedom and enonomic opportunity from the Second Industrial Revolution - Steerage
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-an area below deck on a ship's lower levels near where the steering mechanisms for the ship are located
-many immigrants travelled here when they came to the US - Benevolent societies
- immigrant communities which offered help in cases of death, sickness, and unemployment
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
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-banned Chinese people from coming to the US for 10 yeears - was extended later on
-first time people of a specific nationality were banned from entering the US - Immigration Restriction League
-
-formed by nativists
-wanted all immigrants to prove that they could read and write in some language before being allowed into the US - Suburbs
- neighborhoods outisde of downtown areas
- Settlement houses
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-neighborhood centers in poor areas staffed by professionals and volunteers
-offered education, recreation, and social activities for poor people - Hull House
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-founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
-most famous settlement house
-in Chicago
-fcused on the needs of families, especially immigrant families -
Jane Addams
Ellen Gates Starr - they both founded the Hull House in Chicago
- Oliver Hudson Kelley
-
-toured the South and saw how the country's farmers suffered
-he and some government clerks founded the National Grange - National Grange
- was a social and educational organization dedicated to improving farmers' lives
- Interstate Commerce Act
- provided some consistent national regulations on trade between states
- Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
- made to ensure that railroads charged fair rates and did not favor big shippers
- Free coinage
- both gold and silver were made into coins
- Gold standard
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-only gold could back US currency
-money supply tended to grow more slowly than the country's population because of this - William Jenning Bryan
- -politician who wanted free silver coinage
- Benjamin Harrison
-
-Republican president after Cleveland's first term of office
-supported the Sherman Antitrust Act - Sherman Silver Purchase Act
- increased the amount of silver the government bought for coinage
- Farmers' Alliances
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-political organizations formed by farmers to increase their power
-efforts on getting legislation passed to help farmers by regulating railroads and lowering interest rates - Populist Party
-
-party for the farmers and reformers
-high point of farmers' political activity - James B. Weaver
- -Populist candidate for president (never won but got some votes)
- Political machines
- powerful organizations that used both legal and illegal means to get candidated elected to public office
- Bosesses
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-leaders of political machines
-traded favors for votes - William Marcy Tweed
-
- Tammany Hall boss
-stole money from the city treasury, but got convicted and died in jail - Rutherford B. Hayes
-
-Republican presidnet
-promised to reform the civil service - James A. Garfield
-
-Republican president
-was shot (twice) - Chester A. Arthur
-
-Garfield's vice president
-became president after Garfield was shot - Mugwumps
- -Republican reformers that supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland
- Grover Cleveland
-
-Democratic candidate for president
-became president twice - William McKinley
-
-Republican president after Harrison
-was killed during second term - Pendleton Civil Service Act
-
-set up a merit system controlled by the Civil Service Commission
-supported by President Arthur - Progressives
- -reformers in the late 1800s that began working to solve problems caused by rapid industrial and urban growth
- Muckrakers
- journalists that exposed the muck (filth) of society
- Ida Tarbell
-
-muckraker
-wrote articles attacking John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company - Direct Primary
- let voters choose candidates for public office instead of allowing party leaders to select them
- 17th Ammendment
- allowed Americans to vote directly for US senators
- Recall
- allows voters to sign a petition asking for a special vote to recall (remove) an elected official before the end of his/her term
- Initiative
- allows voters to propose a new law by getting signatures on a petition
- Referendum
- allows voters to approve or dissaprove a low that has already been proposed or passed by state or local governments
- Robert M. La Follette
-
took on the power of the party bosses in Wisconsin
-developed the Winsconsin Idea - Wisconsin Idea
- a program of reforms that set out to reduce the influence of political machines and to make state government more efficient in meeting the people's needs
- New York State Tenement House Act
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-made it illegal to build poorly lit and airless tenements
-required new building to have better ventilation, running water, and toilets - John Dewey
-
-important philosopher and educator who changed American education
-wanted children to learn problem-solving skills, not just to memorize their lessons - Joseph McCormack
-
-leader of AMA (American Medical Association)
-brought local medical organizations together and supported laws protecting health - Florence Kelley
- -led the progressive fight against child labor
- Socialism
- an economic system in which the government owns and operates a country's means of production
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
-
-brought together many workers who weren't welcome in the AFL
-led by William "Big Bill" Haywood
-goal: bring workers into 1 large union that would try to overthrow capitalism - William "Big Bill" Haywood
- leader of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
-
-founded by reformers to united to fight against alcohol abuse
-Frances Willard was president of this
-many state and local governments passed laws restricting the sale of alcohol because of the pressure from this - Frances Willard
- -president of WCTU
- 18th Ammendment
- outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the US
- National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
-
-begun by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
to help get the vote for women - Carrie Chapman Catt
-
-Fought successfully for women's suffrage in the West.
-Became president of NAWSA - Alice Paul
- -Left NAWSA and founded NWP (National Woman's Party).
- National Woman's Party (NWP)
-
-Founded by Alice Paul.
-Used parades, public demonstrations, and more controversial methods to draw attention to its cause.
-Party used hunger strikes, pickets, and forms of civil disobedience to build support. - Nineteenth Ammendment
- -Gave the vote to women in the US.
- Booker T. Washington
-
-Tried to improve the conditions of freedmen.
-Enoucraged freedmen to improve their own educational and economic ewll-being rather than fight discrimination and segregation.
-Made the speech Atlanta Compromise. - Atlanta Compromise
-
-Made by Booker T. Washington.
-Washington shared his philosophy whites and blacks being seperate but also uniting. - Ida B. Wells
-
-Black journalist.
-Wrote about the mob lynching of black men.
-Helped start an international crusade against lynching. - W.E.B. Du Bois
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-Took a direct approach to fighting racial injustice; wanted faster change and disagreed with Booker T. Washington's views.
-Part of the Niagara Movement.
-Wrote many articles and speeches. - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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-Founded by Du Bois and other reformers.
-Worked to bring racial inequality to the attention of whites.
-Won the case of _Guinn v. United States_ - _Guinn v. United States_
-
-Outlawed the grandfather clause, which had kept blacks from voting.
-Won by the NAACP. - Theodore Roosevelt
-
-Vice president of McKinley; took office after McKinley was shot.
-Used the Square Deal policy.
-Persuaded Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act.
-Strongly favored conservation. - Square Deal
-
-The belief that the interests of businesspeople, laborers, and consumers should be balanced for the public good.
-Used this in the coal miners' strike. - Arbitration
-
-A formal process to settle disputes.
-Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines during the coal miners' strike unless managers agreed to this. - Pure Food and Drug Act
-
-Stopped the anufacture, sale, or transportation of of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs sold in interstate commerce.
-Passed by Congress during Roosevelt's term. - Conservation
-
-Protection of nature and its resources.
-Roosevelt strongly favored this. - William Howard Taft
-
-Vice president of T. Roosevelt; became president after him.
-Opposed socialism; favored business regulation.
-Started the dollar diplomacy.
-Angers the Progressives because he didn't do much that they wanted. - Election of 1912
-
-T. Roosevelt: Bull Moose Party. Plan: New Nationalism.
-Woodrow Wilson: Democratic Party. Plan: New Freedom.
-William Taft: Republican.
-Eugene V. Debs: Socialist.
-Woodrow Wilson won because the Republicans were split between Taft and T. Roosevelt. - Bull Moose Party
-
-Nickname for the Progressive Party.
-Roosevelt and his followers started this party in the Election of 1912. - Woodrow Wilson
-
-Democratic candidate for president; plan: New Freedom (called for government action against monopolies and lower tariffs).
-Won the election. - Underwood Tariff Act
-
-Backed by Wilson.
-Brought the lowest tariff rates in many years. - Sixteenth Ammendment
- -Allows the federal government to impose direct taxes on people's incomes.
- Federal Reserve Act
-
-Created a national banking system called the Federal Reserve.
-Enabled the government to try to prevent sudden changes between boom and bust in the economy. - Clayton Antitrust Act
- -Had the power to stop unfair trade practices by investigating corporations and issuing restraining orders.
- Louis Brandeis
-
-Progressive lawyer appointed by Wilson.
-First Jewish Supreme Court justice. - Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
- -Helped to be passed by Wilson.
- Adamson Act
- -Limited the workday for railroad workers to eight hours.
- Imperialism
- -The practice of building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations.
- William H. Seward
-
-Secretary of State.
-Arrange the purchase of Alaska from Russia for a cheap payment. - Isolationism
- -Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries.
- McKinley Tariff
-
-Allowed all countries to ship sugar duty-free to the US.
-Passed by Congress during McKinley's term.