H English Final Exam - Semester 1
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- Diatomic Molecules
- H, N, O, F, I, Cl, Br
- Binary Compound
- a compound composed of 2 different elements
- polyatomic ion
- tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a charge
- law of multiple proportions
- when 2 elements combine to form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers
- law of definite proportions
- In all samples of the same chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the same proportion by mass
- binary molecular compounds are composed of 2 ___________ elements
- Binary molecular compounds are composed of 2 NONMETALLIC elements
- In naming a binary molecular compound, the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule is indicated by:
- Prefixes
- "ite" means 1 less ________ than "ate"
- 1 less oxygen
- while solid has the highest melting point?
- network solids
- VSEPR theory
- because electron pairs repel, molecules adjust their shapes so that the valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible
- Shape of Methane
- Tetrahedral
- Mendeleev
- arranged the elements in his period table in order of increasing atomic mass
- Mega
- 10 ^6
- Kilo
- 10 ^3
- Deci
- 10 ^-1
- Centi
- 10 ^-2
- Milli
- 10 ^-3
- micro
- 10 ^-6
- Nano
- 10 ^-9
- pico
- 10 ^-12
- Molecular compounds tend to have relatively ________ melting and boiling points than ionic compounds
- Molecular compounds tend to have relatively LOWER melting and boiling points than ionic compounds
- Group A
- Representative elements
- Group B
- Transition Metals
- Group 1A
- Alkali Metals
- Group 2A
- Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group 7A
- Halogens
- Group 8A
- Noble Gases
- The nucleus is _____ charged
- positively
- Atomic Mass Unit
- 1/12th of mass of Carbon 12
- Isotope
- atom with same number of protons but different neutrons
- Atomic Mass
- Protons + Neutrons
- Intensive Property
- depends on the type of matter in a sample
- Extensive property
- depends on the amount of matter in a sample
- physical property
- a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
- liquid
- matter that has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container, isn't easily compressed
- solid
- matter that has a definite shape and volume (isn't easily compressed)
- gas
- matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
- PHYSICAL change? Melting Butter
- yes
- PHYSICAL CHANGE? Breaking a window
- yes
- PHYSICAL CHANGE? Burning gasoline
- no
- PHYSICAL CHANGE? boiling water
- yes
- heterogeneous mixture
- a mixture that is not uniform in composition
- homogeneous mixture
- a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout
- HOMOGENOUS OR HETEROGENOUS? table salt dissolved in water
- Homogeneous
- HOMOGENOUS OR HETEROGENOUS? fresh squeezed lemonade
- Heterogeneous
- HOMOGENOUS OR HETEROGENOUS? Vegetable soup
- Heterogenous
- EXTENSIVE OR INTENSIVE? color
- intensive
- EXTENSIVE OR INTENSIVE? volume
- extensive
- EXTENSIVE OR INTENSIVE? mass
- extensive
- EXTENSIVE OR INTENSIVE? boiling point
- intensive
- mixture
- a physical bend of two or more components
- Democritis' philosophy was that all atoms were _______ and __________ and cannot be destroyed.
- Democritis' philosophy was that all atoms were indivisible and indestructible and cannot be destroyed.
- Accuracy
- measure of how close a measurement comes to actual or true value of what is measured
- Precision
- measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
- Kelvin
- *C +237
- Celsius (*C)
- K - 273
- Density
- Mass/Volume
- 5 types of Chemistry
- Biochemistry - (processes that take place in organs) Inorganic (NON CARBON) Analytical chemistry (Composition of matter) Organic Chemistry (Carbon) Physical chemistry (Energy transfer)
- Chemistry
- study of the composition of matter and the changes
- Lavoisier
- Discovered that oxygen is required for a material to burn Helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of MEASUREMENT
- Scientific Method steps
- Make observations Test hypothesis Develop theories
- Problem solving steps
- making a plan and implementing that plan
- Numeric problem solving steps
- analyze calculate evaluate
- conceptual problem solving
- Analyze and Solve
- The last number in your sig. fig. is called the ____________
- estimated digit
- HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS? ocean salt water
- heterogeneous
- Electron
- 1/1840 of the mass of hydrogen
- When an electron approaches nucleus, it's energy
- DECREASES
- Heisenerg Uncertainty Principle
- It's impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
- Pauli Exclusion Principle
- an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons
- Hund's Rule
- electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
- Which of the following is not a step for solving a numeric word problem? calculate analyze conclude evaluate
- conclude
- Hypothesis
- a proposed explanation for what is observed
- Error
- the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value
- Which of the following is not a part of the scientific method? experimenting observing hypothesizing
- proving
- T or F? A scientific law fully explains a set of observations
- F
- T or F? The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a problem
- T
- T or F? The scientific method is repeated until a hypothesis either fits all the observed experimental results or the hypothesis is discarded
- T
- Which of these steps of the scientific method involves staing a relationship but not proposing an explanation for the relationship? observation scientific law theory hypothesis
- scientific law
- List the major steps in the scientific method and describe each briefly.
- 1. Observe and form hypothesis (A proposed explanation for what's observed) 2. Experiment - a series of experiments to prove that your hypothesis is correct
- Develop a theory
- a well tested explanation for a broad set of observations
- What are some tasks that might be assigned to an analytical chemist?
- Determine the amount of copper in a sample Determine the amount of lead in a blood sample Determine the amount of pollutants in a local lake (NOT determine the least expensive method to produce nylon)
- Which of the following would would most likely be an organic substance? a chemical containing oxygen a chemical containing hydrogen a chemical containing carbon a chemical containing nitrogen
- a chemical containing carbon
- which type of chemistry is focused on the composition of matter?
- Analytical Chemistry
- Which chemistry deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the __________ that occurs when matter undergoes a change?
- Physical chemistry -energy transfer
- Biochemistry is the study of the prcesses that take place in __________
- organisms
- Organic chemistry is the study of chemicals that contain __________, while ____________ chemistry is primarily the study of chemicals that do NOT contain________
- carbon; Inorganic; carbon
- Matter
- anything that has matter and occupies space
- Applied chemistry
- research that is directed toward a PRACTICAL GOAL or Application
- Pure chemistry
- the pursuit of chemistry knowledge for it's own sake
- Which Chemistry is it? determining the energy transfer when water boils
- physical chemistry
- Which Chemistry is it? finding out how much nitrogen is in a smple of air
- analytical chemistry
- Which Chemistry is it? studying the process of photosynthesis in plants
- biochemistry
- Which Chemistry is it? manufacturing nylon, which contains carbon
- Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry is important in the production and conservation of _____
- energy
- AT, ST, and NT? World energy demand is decreasing
- NT
- Which of the following is not a step for solving numeric word problems? Evaluate ovserve calculate analyze
- observe
- Theory
- a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
- To which of the following might a hypothesis be elevated after repeated experimentation? observation scientific law theory experiment
- theory
- Discuss the role of chemistry in one of the areas: Matericals, Energy, Medicine and Biotechnology, Agriculture, the Environment, or the Universe
- Because Chemistry involves matter, it involves everything. Our culture relies on chemistry. We need chemists to come up with materials (Artificial legs, energy conserving materials), research on new medicines (insuline), figure out ways to prevent pests from getting crops, discovering ways we can be a "Green America" and research things in the atmosphere that can help us in the world.
- What are 3 steps you can use to help solve numeric word problems? Describe what you would do in each step?
- For each problem, you start off with information. That info is your "known" and you need to discover "The unknown." the first step is to OVSERVE. Form a plan of how to get from the unknown to known, by using the second step CALCULATE. Once you calculate, ask yourself, "Does this answer make sense?" This is your thrd step, EVALUATE. Evaluate if your answer is in correct units or if you have the correct number of significant figures.
- 1 Liter
- The volume of a cube 10 cm on each edge
- Conversion factor
- a ratio of equivalent measurements
- dimensional analysis
- a way to analyze and solve problems, using the units of a measurement
- weight
- a measure of the pull of gravity on a given mass
- 1 kilogram
- originally defined as the mass of 1 L of water at 4 degrees Celcius
- How many significant figures are in the measurement 2103.2 g?
- 5
- Which of these equalities is not correct? 100 cg + 1 g 1000 mm+ 1 m 1 cm^3 =1 mL 10 kg = 1 g
- 10 kg = 1 g
- How many of the zeros in the measurement 0.000040200 m are significant?
- 3
- How many milligrams are in 2.5 kg? 2.5 x 10^6 mg 2.5 mg 2.5 x 10^-4 mg 2.5 x 10^2 mg
- 2.5 x 10^6 mg
- The closeness of a measurement to its true value is a measure of its:
- accuracy
- Which of these measurements is expressed to three significant figures? 0.070 mm 7.30 x 10^-7 km 7007 mg 0.007 m
- 7.30 x 10^-7 km
- A metric unit of volume is the:
- Liter (L)
- The metric prefix "kilo" means
- 1000 times larger
- The temp. reading of -14 degrees celcius corresponds to a Kelvin reading of
- 259 K K=C=273 K=-14 +273 K=259 K
- Concentrated hydrochloric acid has a density of 1.19 g/mL. What is the mass, in grams, of 2.00 liters of this acid?
- 2.38 x 1063 g 2 L x 10^3 ml/ 1 L x 1.19 / 1mL = 2.38 x 10^3 g
- A conversion factor: a. is equal to 1 b. is a ratio of equivalent measurements c. does not change the value of a measurement d. all of the above
- d. all of the above
- Chlorine boils at 239 K. What is the boiling point of chlorine expressed in degrees Celsius?
- -34 degrees Celsius C = K + 273
- A student measures a volume as 25 mL, wheras the correct volume is 23 mL. What is the percent error?
- 8.7% experiment - accurate/ accurate x 100%
- AS, ST, NT? Precise measurements are also accurate measurements
- ST
- AS, ST, NT? The weight of an object changes with its location
- ST
- AS, ST, NT? A kilogram is the mass of 1 mL of water at 4 degrees Celsius
- NT
- To convert density from g/cm^3 to kg/m^3, one of the conversion factors you could use is mg^3/kg.
- NT g/cm^3 x 10^2 cm/ 1 m x 10^3 mg/g
- Which of the following is the correct scientific notation for 0.000 008 62?
- 8.62 x 10^-6
- The measurement 4.06 x 10^-5 g represents:
- 0.0000406 g
- The largest number from among the following is 1.80 x 10^-4 1.80 x 10^-6 1.80 x 10^-2 1.80 x 10^-8
- 1.80 x 10^-2
- According to the rules of significant figures, the number of digits that are estimated in a measurement is:
- 1
- How many sig figs are in the measurement 603.040 g?
- 6
- How many sig figs in 0.050 060 m?
- 4
- Which of these measurements is expressed to 4 sig figs? 0.108 m 16.530 m 2.6 x 10^4 m 4.300 x 10^-7 m
- 4.300 x 10^-7 m
- The thickness of a dime is approximately
- 1 mm
- Which of these equalities is correct?
- 1 g = 1000kg 1 cm = 100m 1 mm = 10 cm 1 L = 1000 mL
- How many centimeters are in 25 kilometers?
- 2.5 x 10^6 cm
- The metric prefix milli means
- 1000 times smaller
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- 1. Elements are composed of indivisible particles called Atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of 1 element are different from another. 3. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. 4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged.