AP Mod Vocab Detente-Lusitania
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- Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations b/w superpowers during Krushchev's rule in the SU
- Detente
- Idea, acc. to Karl Marx, that change & develpmnt in history result from conflict b/w social classes. Economic forces impel humans to behave in socially determined ways
- Dialectical materialism
- 1st European to reach s'ern tip of Africa
- Bartholomew Diaz
- One author of the Encyclopedia
- Denis Diderot
- Radical groups in England in 1650s who called for abolition of private ownership & extension of franchise
- Diggers & Levellers
- 5-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution & prior to Napoleon's coming to power
- Directory
- Leader of Brit Tory Party who engineered Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to working class
- Benjamin Disraeli
- Belief that monarchy's power derives from God & represents Him on Earth
- Divine Right Monarchy
- Manufacture of goods in household, production system that gave way to factory system
- Domestic System
- Battleship w/increased speed & power over convent'al warships, devlpd by Germany & GB to increase naval arsenals
- Dreadnought
- French & Jewish army captn unfairly convicted of espionage in case that lasted from 1894-1906
- Alfred Dreyfus
- 1867 compromise b/w Germans of Austria-Bohemia & Magyars of Germany to resolve nationalities problem by creating empire of Austria & Kingdom of Hungary, w/common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, & war
- Dual Monarchy
- Russian nat'l legislature
- Duma
- Gov't chartered joint-stock compny organized 1602 controlled spice trades in East Indies
- Dutch East India Co
- Edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots rights of public worship & religious toleration in France
- Edict of Nantes
- Protestant ruler of England, helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations
- Elizabeth I
- imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia, freed the peasants (on paper); collectively responsible for redemption payments to gov't
- Emancipation Edict
- Carefully-edited dispatch by Bismarch to the French ambassador that appeared to be insulting....
- Ems telegram
- Article 48 of Weimar constitution, enabled Hitler to issue decrees carrying force of law
- Enabling Act
- Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire "living room"
- Encirclement
- Collaborator w/Karl Marx; textile factory owner, supplied Marx w/hard data for economic writings, notably Das Kapital
- Friedrich Engels
- intellectual rev'ution of 18th cent. in which philosophes stressed reason, natural law, progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices
- Enlightenment
- 1904 "gentlemen's agreement" b/w France & Britain, establishing close understanding
- Entente Cordial
- French nat'l assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy financial crisis & correct abuses of ancien regime
- Estates-General
- Organization, begun on Jan 1, 1958, including France German Federal Republic Italy & Benelus nations...
- European Economic Community
- Association of W'ern European nations agreeing to favor each other in respect to tariffs....
- European Free Trade Association
- Label for widely different revolts against traditional philosophy stressing choice, freedom, decision & anguish, emerging strongly during WWII & after
- Existentialism
- Group of English socialists including George Bernard Shaw who advocated electoral victories, rather than violent revs, to bring about social change
- Fabian Society
- Limited children's & adolescents' workweek in textile factories in England
- Factory Act
- Political & economic methods of Mussolini in Italy. Based on fasces
- Fascism
- German writer who believed German spirit was nobler & purer than that of other peoples
- J.G. Fichte
- Gov't established in France in Oct. 1958. 1st: 1792-1804, 2nd: 1848-1852, 3rd: 1870-1940....
- Fifth Republic
- Hitler's policy of virulent anti-Semitism, culminating in Holocaust....
- Final Solution
- Leading Utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men & women cooperated in agriculture & industry, abolishing private property & monogamous marriage
- Charles Fourier
- Wilson's peace plans after WWI calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, right of self-determination for ethnic groups
- Fourteen Points
- Prussian ruler who expanded territory by invading duchy of Silesia under Maria Theresa of Austria
- Frederick the Great
- Soldier's King who built strong Prussian army & infused military values into Prussian society
- Frederick William
- King of Prussia who promised & later reneged on his promises for constit'al reforms
- Frederick William IV
- Supporters of General de Gaulle refused to acknowledge French armistice 1940....
- Free French
- Economic theory or policy of absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country...
- Free trade
- Organized body for scientific study, founded in 1600s
- French Academy of Sciences
- style in 17th century art & literature stressing discipline, balance & restraint & resembling arts in ancient world & Ren.
- French classicism
- Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality & sexual drives shocked Victorians
- Sigmund Freud
- Last aristocratic revolt against French monarch, specifically nobility-led riots against monarchy
- Fronde
- Italian scientist, formulated terrestrial laws & modern law of inertia....
- Galileo
- Leader of factory workers who assembled before czar's palace to petition him Jan 1905 (Bloody Sunday) for social & political reforms
- Father Gapon
- Soldier of fortune who amassed "red shirt" army to bring Naples & Sicily into unified Italy
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Leader of Xtian Democrats in Italy; committed to democracy & social reform
- Alcide de Gasperi
- 1st president of French 5th Republic & former head of Free French movmt in WWII
- Charles de Gaulle
- British Liberal Party leader & prime min., chief rival of Disraeli....reforms in public education, civil service exams, secret balloting
- William Gladstone
- reference to political events of 1688-89 when James II abdicated throne to Will & Mary
- Glorious Revolution
- Panic & insecurity that struck French peasants in summer of 1789 led to widespread destruction of manor houses etc
- Great Fear
- Chief Min. under Louis Philippe; repressive policies led to rev. of 1848
- Francois Guizot
- Forced labor camps set up by Stalin for political discussions
- Gulag
- Legal protection that prohibits imprisonment of subject w/o demonstrated cause
- Habeas corpus
- According to Hegel, social change results from conflict of opposite ideas. Thesis confronted by antithesis --> synthesis --> new thesis
- Hegelian dialectic
- Sponsor of voyages along West African coasts
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Formerly Henry of Navarre
- Henry IV
- Forerunner of German Romanic movmt who believed in volksgeist (nat'l character)
- J.G. Herder
- Pres. of Weimar Germany, appointed Hitler chancellor
- Paul von Hindenburg
- Japanese city on which US dropped atomic bomb on Aug 6 1945
- Hiroshima
- Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany set up totalitarian dictatorshp....
- Hitler
- Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on concept of anarchic state of nature
- Thomas Hobbes
- Alliance dreamed up by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule under Xtian principles
- Holy Alliance
- Italian dynasty ruling independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia....
- House of Savoy
- French Calvinists
- Huguenots
- Recovery & study of classical writings & authors
- Humanism
- Author of An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
- David Hume
- Attempt by students & workers to liberalize Communist regime & break off mil. alliance w/SU
- Hungarian Revolt
- acquisition & administration of colonial areas usually in interests of administering country
- Imperialism
- Financial demands placed on loser nations
- Indemities
- Bill passed by German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconstitutional collection of taxes to update army
- Indemnity Bill
- List of books that Catholics were forbidden to read
- Index
- emphasis on unique & creative personality
- individualism
- Papal pardon for remission of sins
- indulgence
- Religious committee of 6 Roman Cardinals that tried heretics & punished guilty by imprisonment & execution
- Inquisition
- period of Cromwellian rule b/w Stuart monarchs Charles I & Charles II
- Interregnum
- dominant group in Nat'l Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondins; headed by Robespierre
- Jacobins
- Stuart monarch who ignored constit'al principles & asserted divine right of kings
- James I
- Final Stuart ruler; forced to abdicate to William & Mary
- James II
- German existentialist seeing all people as equally coresponsible for all the terrors & injustices of the world
- Karl Jaspers
- French revisionsist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals
- Jean Jaures
- Also known as the society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola
- Jesuits
- Document signed by 15 countries that condemned & renounced war as instrument of nat'l policy
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- Soviet leader denounced Stalin's rule & brought temporary thaw in superpowers' relations
- Nikita Krushchev
- Calivinist leader in 16th century Scotland
- John Knox
- independent & propertied russian farmer
- Kulak
- Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations w/Vatican
- Kulturkampf
- British party that replaced Liberals in early twentieth century & championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions
- Labor Party
- Economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith...in opposition to mercantilism the gov'ts role in economy was one of non-interference
- Laissez-faire
- Leader of revisionist socialists, hoped to achieve socialism through ballot rather than bullet
- Ferdinand Lassalle
- Pact that provided recognition by Mussolini of the Vatican & large sum of money to the church as well
- Lateran Agreement
- fixing of prices on bread & other essentials under Robespierre's rule
- Law of the maximum
- proposal included in Wilson's 14 Points to establish an international organization to settle disputes & avoid future wars
- League of Nations
- Bolshevik leader who made Marxist revolution in Nov 1917 & modified orthodox Marxism in doing so
- V.I. Lenin
- creation under Jacobins of citizen army w/support from young & old heralding emergence of modern warfare
- Levee en masse
- formerly Whig Party headed by Gladstone in 19th century
- Liberal Party
- Pact that secured frontier b/w Germany & France & Germany & Belgium
- Locarno Treaty
- Political theorist defended Glorious Revolution w/argument that all people are born w/certain natural rights to life, liberty & property
- John Locke
- Sun King, ruler of France who established....
- Louis XIV
- Nephew of Napoleon I; came to power as president of 2nd French Republic 1848
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
- British merchant liner carrying ammunition & passengers that was sunk by German U-boat
- Lusitania