archaeologynotesuntilfinal
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- 3 Polynesian island types
- high/volcanic, raised coral, low or reef/atoll-like
- Lapitians were...
- ...horticulturalists
- Polynesians came out of ____, which was populated by the _____ culture
- Melanesia, Lapita
- fields of root crops like ____ or ____ were _____ in Lapita culture
- yams, taros; monoculture
- fields of fruit crops like ____ or ____ were _____ in Lapita culture
- bananas, breadfruits; polyculture
- _____ was most of animal resources in Lapita culture
- seafood
- when Lapitians moved to a new area, they brought ___ and ____ with them
- crops, animals
- Expansion after Lapita into Polynesia proper out of Melanesia begins in region called _____
- Hawa'iki
- What was a critical factor that created a need for intensive agriculture?
- population
- Polynesians originally practiced ______/_____
- slash and burn/swidden
- _____ were developed in Polynesia to help with irrigation
- terraces
- worship in Polynesia focused on _______
- seasonal cycles
- as a result of intensive agriculture,
- limited carrying capacities, natural resources fixed, ecosystems become enclosed
- swidden, intensive agriculture, and raising pigs lead to...
- ...long-term soil depleion
- Carrying capacity first ____ from horticulture to agriculture, _____ after agriculture, ends up ______
- rises, goes down, lower than it started
- Where is Easter Island?
- Easternmost island in Polynesia
- Prior to humans, Easter Island supported a complex _______ environment dominated by a now extinct species of _______
- sub-tropical forest, palm tree
- Easter Island was settled between _____ and _____
- 400 and 700 AD
- 4 types of canoes used to get to Easter Island
- fishing, traveling, ceremonial, war
- Enviro. degradation on Easter Island begins and coincides with the ______ climactic event
- Little Ice Age
- Population climax in Easter Island was around ____ with about ______ people
- 1550AD, 7000-10,000 people
- After the Little Ice Age, Easter Island _______ and the world _____
- became seasonal, temperatures lowered
- Stone structures on Easter Island are called _____
- Mpao
- Humanistic approach answers ________ questions of prehistory
- when, how, and what
- Comparative approach answers _____ questions of prehistory
- why
- The belief that human societies have evolved culturally along a single developmental trajectory. This perspective is no longer used.
- unilineal cultural evolution
- Progress results from increasingly rational thought, which lets people gain wealth and leisure time necessary to control nature and improve themselves morally
- enlightenment philosophy
- The idea that the world’s existing peoples reflect different stages of human cultural evolution
- comparative method
- Conflict between societies and classes removes unfit individuals and social forms, benefits humanity in long run
- social Darwinism
- The view that each culture is the product of a unique sequence of developments in which chance plays a major role in bringing about change
- historical particularism
- Social formations that lie between egalitarian foragers and ranked societies, normally horticultural and sedentary, competition present
- tribal societies
- A centralized political system found in complex societies, have virtual monopoly on power to coerce
- archaic state
- A complex urban society with high cultural achievement in arts and sciences, craft specialization, surplus of food/labor, hierarchically stratified social organization
- civilization
- Cultivation using only hand tools, land used for a few years and then allowed to lie fallow
- horticulture
- Using draft animals, machinery, or hand cultivation in which plots are used annually
- intensive agriculture
- Childe: Animal domestication occurred as animals, plants, and people congregated around water sources during arid years, agriculture preceded
- oasis theory
- Braidwood: Agriculture arose in areas where ancestors of wheat and barley grew because people wanted to increase productivity and stability of food base
- hilly flanks theory
- The effects of a population reaching carrying capacity
- population pressure
- Agriculture arose because of overpopulation in favorable environment that cause emigration to marginal lands
- density-equilibrium model
- The number of people that a unit of land can support under a particular technology
- carrying capacity
- A plant native to southern Mexico, believed to be the wild ancestor of maize
- teosinte
- The amount of energy acquired by a forager per unit of harvesting/processing time
- return rate
- The idea that foragers select foods that maximize the overall return rate
- optimal foraging theory
- Changes in social systems are best understood as mutual natural selection among components rather than as a linear cause-effect sequence
- coevolution
- A broad arc of mountains in the middle east where domesticated plants are found today
- fertile crescent
- Culture in Levant consisting of first settled villages, trade goods, and maybe early cultivation of domesticated wheat. Lacked pottery.
- Natufian
- A climatic interval characterized by a rapid return too cooler/drier/highly variable climatic conditions
- Younger Dryas
- People began using ground stone tools, manufacturing ceramics, and relying on domesticated plants and animals
- Neolithic
- Relatives that one is related to by marriage, rather than blood
- affinal
- Attributes origin of the state to administrative demands of irrigation
- irrigation hypothesis
- Attributes origin of state to administrative burden of warfare conducted for conquest
- warfare and circumscription hypothesis
- Long, low islands in shallow lakes (form of intensive agriculture of Aztecs)
- chinampas
- A set of beliefs that rationalizes exploitive relations between classes or social groups, provides rationale for existence
- ideology
- Ancestors are intermediaries between natural and supernatural, demonstrated by burials
- ancestor worship
- a commodity (2 things)
- has intrinsic value, is one of a kind
- 4 components of heritage
- history, commodity, who you are, expectations of future
- First piece of legislation used to protect the past. Wasn’t very useful, was very intrusive to privacy and private land. Tried to protect every cultural resource.
- 1906 Antiquities Act
- Meant to deal with looting (including vandalism) and development
- 1966 National Historic Preservation Act
- Compliance law- Meant to curb development by requiring that you do a cultural resource impact study
- Section 106 of 1966 National Historic Preservation Act
- Oversees 106 compliance and is advocate for archaeology. May be involved in state to town level laws
- State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)
- Inventory heritage properties on federal land
- Section 110 of 1966 National Historic Preservation Act
- Increased fines for looting, made it illegal to traffic in certain types of material objects
- Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) 1979
- Addressed repatriation
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990
- NAGPRA required repatriation of...
- ...human remains, funerary objects, objects of cultural patrimony, sacred objects
- A professional field that conducts activities, including archaeology, related to compliance with legislation aimed at conserving cultural resources
- Cultural resource management
- 90% of archaeologists work for ___
- CRM
- Requires federal permits before excavating or collecting artifacts on federal land, established a permitting process, and gave the president the authority to create national monuments
- Antiquities Act of 1906
- Physical features, both natural and artificial, associated with human activity. Unique and nonrenewable.
- cultural resources
- Created the National Register of Historic Places, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, State Historic Preservation Offices, and a process to mitigate the impact of development. It also requires that gov’t agencies provide good stewardship of
- National Historic Preservation Act (WHPA)
- A list of significant historic and prehistoric properties (e.g., districts, sites, buildings, structures, objects)
- National Register of Historic Places
- The area that will be directly and indirectly affected by a construction project (in some cases, the areas seem from a construction project)
- area of potential effect
- Prohibits excavation/removal of artifacts from federal property without a permit, prohibits the sale, exchange, or transport of artifacts acquired illegally from federal property, and increased the penalties for violations of the act over those of the An
- Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
- Made looting/damaging a felony
- Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
- A listing of archaeologists who have agreed to abide by an explicit code of conduct and standards of research performance
- Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA)
- Requires that signers create legislation and the administration to regulate import/export of cultural objects, forbid their nations’ museums from acquiring illegally exported cultural objects, establish ways to inform other nations when illegally expor
- UNESCO Convention of 1970
- Protects Indian graves on federal and tribal lands, recognizes tribal authority over treatment of unmarked graves, prohibits commercial selling of native dead bodies, requires an inventory and repatriation of human remains held by the federal gov’t and
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)
- Any items placed with a human body or made to contain human remains at the time of burial (regardless of whether they are known to have been associated with a deceased individual)
- funerary objects
- Specific ceremonial objects necessary for current practice of traditional NA religions by present-day adherents
- sacred objects
- Any items with ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural importance that were once owned by the entire tribe, and were inalienable at the time they left the tribe’s possession (no one had the right to give them away)
- objects of cultural patrimoney