Reform, territorial expansion, sectionalism and road to war
Terms
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- an emotional counteroffensive to the deism identified with the Enlightenment. assaulted Calvinism by stressing the mercy, love, and benevolence of God. emphasized the ability of people to control their own fate, even achieve their own salvation.
- second great awakening
- the most effective of a number of charismatic evangelists who brought the Second Great Awakening to its crest in the early 1830s. He encouraged his listeners to take their salvation into their own hands and preached that salvation was available to anyone
- Charles G Finney
- was an American religious leader who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, a restorationist movement giving rise to Mormonism.
- Joseph Smith 1830
- publisher of "The Liberator," was a radical abolitionist. He called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation of slaves and for racial equality. His confrontational tactics and extremist views repelled moderate abolitionists as well as the gene
- william lloyd garrison
- an influential abolitionist newspaper. In its columns, Garrison called for the immediate abolition of slavery and the treatment of blacks as equals.
- the Liberator
- sisters from South Carolina, began their public careers in the abolitionist movement. Male abolitionists objected to their prominence in the movement, and the sisters turned to advocacy of women's rights.
- Grimke sisters
- the leading transcendentalist thinker of the early nineteenth century. Optimism and self-confidence marked his philosophy, and, like other romantics, he glorified individualism and self-reliance. He described his beliefs in "The American Scholar.&qu
- ralph waldo emerson
- was a leading literary romantic and transcendentalist in the early nineteenth century. He admired raw nature and the simple life, and he valued the freedom of the self-reliant individual. He wrote "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience."
- henry david thoreau
- New England's Puritan heritage and its continuing influence fascinated this romantic novelist.
- nathaniel hawthorne
- radical British idea during the 1820's to the 1850's attempting to create an ideal society in which its citizens had common and equal ownership
- social utopianism
- organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights in 1848. campaigned for women's right to vote, own property, attend college, and enter the professions.
- elizabeth cady stanton
- Like many women who began their public careers in the abolitionist movement, turned to advocate women's rights. She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights in 1848.
- lucretia mott
- held in 1848. It drafted the "Declaration of Sentiments," patterned on the Declaration of Independence, but declared that "all men and women are created equal."
- seneca falls convention 1848
- a woman was expected to be pious, pure, submissive, and domesticated; her place was in the home and on a pedestal.
- cult of domesticity
- was an abolitionist and writer of more than 13 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery
- harriet beecher stowe
- moderation or abstention in the use of alcoholic beverages—attracted many advocates in the early nineteenth century. They waged a national crusade against drunkenness. Advocates used both moral appeals and the coercive power of law to reduce consumptio
- temperance movement
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he commander of American armies in northern Mexico during the Mexican War. In 1848 he was elected president as a Whig candidate. He died in office in 1850.
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- a dark-horse candidate, was elected president in 1844 on a platform of territorial expansion. His election secured the annexation of Texas in 1845. The Mexican War, fought during his term, resulted in the acquisition of New Mexico and California in 1848.
- james k polk
- the belief of nineteenth-century Americans that their nation's territorial expansion was inevitable, willed by God, and just. This conviction helped Americans justify the aggressive acquisition of new territories in the 1840s and later in the 1890s.
- manifest destiny
- brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818. gave US land below 49th parallel except Vancouve
- oregon treaty 1846
- rally cry used to express some Americans' desire to go to war over Oregon; coined by whigs used by democrats
- "fifty-four forty or fight"
- arose from the competing claims to Texas by Mexico and the United States in the wake of the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845.The most important consequence of the war was the Mexican Cession, in which the Mexican territories of California and New Mexico
- Mexican American War 1846-1848
- ended the Mexican War in 1848. In it, Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its boundary with Texas and ceded New Mexico and California to the United States. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assume the claims of American citi
- treaty of hidalgo
- "before the war"; the period of increasing sectionalism leading to the American Civil War, instead of the term "pre-Civil War."
- antebellum
- euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South
- "peculiar institution"
- slave rebellion that happened in Virginia in August of 1831. Over 50 people were reported killed. It lasted only a few days before being put down, but the leader, Nat Turner remained in hiding for several months afterwards.
- Nat Turner Rebellion
- a series of secret safe houses organized by abolitionists (usually black abolitionists) that aided runaway slaves in their escape to freedom in the North or in Canada.
- Underground Railroad
- an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia," he was one of the most prominent figures of African American history during his time, and one of the
- Frederick Douglas
- an african american newspaper written by frederick douglas that allowed black people to communicate ideas
- The North Star
- conductor of the underground railroad; aiding some three hundred slaves out of the South to freedom.
- Harriet Tubman
- famous African american abolitionist orator known for her "Aint I a woman?" speech
- Sojourner truth
- Advancements in agriculture and demand for cotton in the south allowed this to play a huge role in perpetuating southern slavery
- Cotton kingdom
- would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico by the United States as a result of the recently begun Mexican-American War.
- wilmot proviso
- a series of Congressional legislative actions to regulate the spread of slavery in the territories acquired during the Mexican-American War; California was admitted as a free state, Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands e
- compromise of 1850
- one of the preeminent leaders in Congress from the War of 1812 to the Compromise of 1850. He was instrumental in fashioning the Missouri Compromise, a compromise solution to the nullification crisis, and the Compromise of 1850. He also espoused the "
- henry clay
- in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. In it, she presented slaves as real people to a northern audience that was moved by the trials and tribulations of Uncle Tom and his family. Many northerners, heretofore disinterested in slavery, now began to questi
- uncle tom's cabin
- a proposal to organize the remaining Louisiana Purchase Territory. Since the Missouri Compromise had banned slavery in that territory, his proposal to use popular sovereignty to determine the fate of slavery in the territory outraged northerners. The bil
- kansas-nebraska act 1854
- The contest between proslavery and antislavery settlers for control of Kansas Territory provoked violence and bloodshed in 1855. For partisan reasons, President Pierce's administration failed to implement popular sovereignty peacefully
- bleeding kansas
- organized in 1855 in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was a party of northern opponents of the territorial expansion of slavery, and it adopted most of the Whigs' economic program. The party nominated John C. FrŽmont for president
- republican party created 1854