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AP World History Vocab #1

Vocabulary from Chapters 1, 2, & 3: Prehistory, China, and India

Terms

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reincarnation
successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives
Kushans
dynasty that succeeded Mauryan; sponsored Buddhism
Neolithic Revolution
succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to development of agriculture; 8,500 BCE-3,500 BCE
Mohenjo-Daro
major urban complex of Harappan civilization
Kautilya
political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; believed in scientific application of warfare
city-states
form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations
Chandragupta Maurya
founder of Mauryan dynasty; developed first empire in India
monsoon
seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rain during summers
Aryan
Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilizations; militarized society
Buddha
Siddhartha Guatama; creator of major Indian and Asian religion in 6th century BCE
Himalayas
mountain range marking northern border of India; site of Aryan settlements
gurus
brahmans who were teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the guptas
Bronze Age
from 4,000 BCE, when bronze tools came into existence, to 1,500 BCE, when iron tools replaced them
Sanskrit
sacred and classical Indian language
stupas
stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair or personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha
Qin
221 BCE-207 BCE; arose after the decline of the Zhou Dynasty
Shiva
the brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction
Paleolithic Age
ending in 12,000 BCE; use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
pyramids
monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as tombs for pharoahs
Babylonians
unified of all Mesopotamia c.1,800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion c.1,600 BCE
Ashoka
grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted Buddhism and helped to spread it throughout India
scholar-gentry
Chinese class created by marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi
Alexander the Great
successor of Philip II; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures
cuneiform
form of writing developed by Sumerians using a stylus and tablets
Neolithic Age
8,000 BCE-5,000 BCE; adaptation of sedentary agriculture; domestication of animals & plants
Han
dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for 400 years
slash-and-burn agriculture
system of cultivation where forest floors are cleared by fire and then farmed on
Homo sapien sapiens
the human species that as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period
nirvana
Buddhist state of enlightenment; state of tranquility
Sumerians
people who migrated to Mesopotamia c. 4,000 BCE; created first society in the region
Indus River
river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization
Kush
African state divided along Upper Nile c.1,000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
Guptas
dynasty that succeeded Kushans in 3rd century CE
Çatal Hüyük
early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture
Indra
chief deity of the Aryans
nomads
cattle and sheep herding societies found on the fringes of civilized societies
Zhou
overthrew Shang Dynasty and established second Chinese dynasty
Vishnu
the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice
Ziggurats
massive towers associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes
Mesopotamia
"between the rivers"; civilizations that arose between the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
Huanghe River
site of the development of sedentary agriculture
bands
levels of social organization of 20-30 people; nomadic hunters & gatherers; work distributed based on gender
hunting and gathering
human means of obtaining subsistence before sedentary agriculture; band social organization
Harappa
major urban complex of Harappan civilization; along with Mohenjo-Daro
pharoah
title of kings of ancient Egypt
Mauryan
dynasty in India in 4th century BCE after invasion of Alexander the Great
Dao
philosophy associated with Lao-Tze
Dharma
the caste position and career determined by a person's birth
Hammurabi
most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
Shi Huangdi
founder of the brief Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE
untouchables
lowest caste in Indian society; performed tasks considered polluting
Vedas
Aryan hymns written in sacred books in 6th century BCE
Great Wall
defensive monument to keep out invaders from the North; built during Qin Dynasty under Shi Huangdi
Silk Roads
trading route connecting European, Chinese, and Indian civilizations; transmitted ideas and goods throughout

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