Sociology 1st sem. final
Terms
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- An approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society.
- Conflict perspective
- anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it.
- symbol
- the degree to which a society is unified.
- social solidarity
- an action that produces an intended and recognized result.
- manifest function
- an action that produces an unintended and unrecognized result.
- latent function
- when each person contributes in society.
- functionalism
- the patterned interaction of people in social relationships.
- social structure
- class owning the means for producing wealth.
- Bourgeoisie
- class that labors without owning the means of production; those who labor for the bourgeoisie
- proletariat
- approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances
- dramaturgy
- a measure of the relationship between two variables
- correlation
- both independent and dependent variables change in the same direction
- positive correlation
- variables change in the opposite direction
- negative correlation
- testable statement of relationships among variables
- hypothesis
- a characteristic that is subject to change
- variable
- research method in which a large number of people respond to questions
- survey
- a characteristic that is defined by its presence or absence in a category
- qualitative
- a characteristic that can be measured numerically
- quantitative
- the belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another
- causation
- questions a person is to answer in his or her own words
- open-ended questions
- questions a person must answer bychoosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses.
- closed-ended questions
- judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards.
- ethnocentrism
- a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture.
- counterculture
- automatic reaction to physical stimulus
- reflex
- learning to participate in group life
- socialization
- a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials
- laws
- a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects
- subculture
- the concrete, tangible objects of a culture
- material
- ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior
- nonmaterial
- rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
- norms
- norms that lack moral significance
- folkways
- norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society
- mores
- general cultural traits that exist in all cultures
- cultural universals
- a ruld of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment
- taboo
- the study of the biological basis of human behavior
- sociobiology
- those people whose reactions are most important to your self-concept
- significant others
- set of individuals of roughly the same age and intersts
- peer group
- places in which people are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge
- total institutions
- group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms
- reference group
- a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned
- ascribed status
- a position that is earned or chosen
- achieved status
- the process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
- resocialization
- expected behavior associated with a particular status
- role
- condition in which the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status
- role conflict
- a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food
- agriculture
- a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information
- postindustrial
- a society that depends on science and technology to product its baskc goods and services
- industrial
- the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power
- mechanization
- people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company
- primary group
- people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task
- secondary group
- when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform
- groupthink
- exclusive group demanding intense loyalty
- in-group
- group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition
- out-group
- people temporarily in the same place at the same time.
- social aggregate
- a web of social relationships that joins a person to other people and groups
- social network
- behavior that matches group expectations
- relativity
- theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
- labeling theory
- anything that goes against the norms
- deviance
- deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept
- primary deviance
- deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms
- secondary deviance
- a repetition of or return to criminal behavior
- recidivism
- an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual
- stigma
- acts committed in violation of the law
- crime
- process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
- rehabilitation
- ways to encourage conformity to society's norms
- social control
- process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status
- victim discounting
- job-related crimes committed by high-status peopls
- white-collar crime
- discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
- deterrence
- a stratification structure that does not allow for social mobility
- caste system
- the ablilty to control the behavior of others
- power
- recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions
- prestige
- layers of society
- social stratification
- can move up or down in social classes
- social mobility
- over half of households are held by women
- poverty
- most people in America consider themselves this
- middle class