Micro Terms from Chapter 1
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- Who invented the 1st microscope to see bacteria?
- Van Leeuwenhoek
- What is the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
- Tiny organisms could arise from non living material
- Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
- Louis Pasteur
- What is pasteurization?
- heating a liquid to 75C in order to kill majority of pathogens and bacteria that cause spoilage.
- What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
- A specific disease is caused by a specific bacterium. Discovered by Robert Koch.
- What are the 3 requirements to prove the Germ Theory?
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1) Microorganisms must be present in every case of disease
2) Organism must be grown in pure culture
3) Must produce same disease from pure culture - Who discoverd vaccine to eliminate smallpox?
- Edward Jenner- used cowpox- 1st disease eliminated
- Who discovered to first chemotherapy treatment?
- Paul Erlich- salvarsan- used to treat syphillis
- Who discovered Penicillin?
- Alexander Flemming
- What are some vital ativities of Microorganisms?
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1) nutrient cycling between organic and inorganic
2) nitrogen fixation
3) replenish 02
4) decompose organic matter- cellulose - What are some different types of N2 fixing bacteria?
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1) cyanobacteria- one of the 1st
2) azotobacter- free living bacteria (no host)
3) Rhizobia- symbiotic w/ legumes - What are some food benefits from bacteria?
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1) fermented products- yogurt and cheese
2) food additives
3) enzymes - How is bacteria used in agriculture?
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1) enhance plant production
2) composting
3) Biocontrol - What is bioremediation?
- Cleaning up of toxic waste: organic and inorganic contaminants
- What are other environmental benefits from bacteria?
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1) sewage treatment
2) biofuel
3) microbial mining - What is biotechnology?
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bacteria used as factories for production of useful proteins and other products
= genetic engineering - What does biotechnology provide?
- vaccines (ex. hep b), offers resistance to insect and viral disease in plants, gene therapy
- How is legionnaires disease contracted?
- through the environment
- How is toxic shock syndrome contracted?
- through blood, it overstimulates immune system
- How is the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome contracted?
- lives in deer mice, contracted through environment through human expansion into forest
- Where is cryptosporidiosis found?
- protozoan found in gastrointestinal
- What are the causes of the emergence of new diseases?
- change in lifestyle and closer contact with animals
- What are the causes of the resurgence of old diseases?
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1-resistance to antibiotics
2- neglecting vaccines
3- increase individuals with weak immune systems
4- international traffic
5- chronic disease caused by bacteria - What are viruses made of?
- DNA or RNA, capsid (protein coat), lipid enveloped (some)
- What are prions?
- protein resembles protein of nervous cells causing rare genetic diseases.
- What are six important characteristics of all cells?
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1-nutrition
2-reproduction
3-differentiation
4-communication
5-movement
6-evolution - What is metabolism?
- uptake of chemicals from environment, its transformation within cell, and elimination of wastes into environment
- What is reproduction?
- chemicals from environment are turned into new cells under direction of preexisting cells (virus needs host)
- What is differentiation?
- formation of a new cell structure such as a spore
- How do cells communicate?
- cells communicate primarily by means of chemicals that are released
- What is quorum sensing?
- bacteria send chemicals to each other to decided if there are enough to establish disease
- What is the nucleoid?
- site in prokaryotes where chromosome is located
- What is peptidoglycan?
- mesh of glycans (sugar chains) connected by side chains of peptides that create outer membrane of gram + bacteria and inner membrane of gram -; used as a target by pcn to kill bacteria
- What diseases do prions cause?
- encephalopathy (mad cow disease), scrabies (sheep), kuru disease and creutzfeltjacob disease (humans)