Global Ch 39: The Changing Americas
Terms
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- Default
- Failure to pay debt (to a foriegn country)
- OAS
- Organization of American States. A group of nations in the Americas that worked together on common issues
- Porfirio Diaz
- (1830-1915) Ruled harshly, but brought ORDER and STABILITY to Mexico.
- What was Diaz's rule called
- La Porfiriato
- Economic part of Diaz's rule
- Foreign investment was encouraged and capital flowed to the nation's mines, plantations, and railroads
- Why was Diaz resented?
- He allowed his supporters and foreign investors to take over peasant lands
- How much of the population held how much of the land in Mexico in 1910?
- 85% of land held by 1% of population
- How was Mexico's agriculture?
- Cotton was grown instead of food, so there was a decrease in the food supply
- Who challenged Diaz in the free election in 1910 and what happened to him?
- Francisco Madero, but he was jailed by Diaz.
- What happened after Madero escaped jail?
- He became the president of Mexico, but he could not keep the support of the peasants or landowners and civil war swept Mexico
- Who assassinated Madero?
- General Huerta
- Who led the peasants (peones) in the guerilla war against the gov't troops?
- Emiliano Zapata and Francisco "Poncho" Villa
- Where were Emiliano Zapata and "Poncho" Villa from?
- Zapata was from Morelos, and Villa was from Chihuahua
- Who led the gov't troops against Zapata and Villa?
- General Huerta
- What were the reforms of the Mexican Constitution of 1917?
- 1) combined nationalism and social reform 2) gave Mexican gov't power to distribute land to peasants and regulate oil exportation 3) workers could join unions 4) 8 hr workday 5) free education 6) limits on political power 7) limited wealth of catholic church
- Lazaro Cardenas
- encouraged Mexicans to start their own businesses, gave land to peones, NATIONALIZED oil companies, built schools, factories, highways & railroads
- "Social realism"
- Artists painted murals of MEXICAN INDIAN heritage, dramatic events in Mexican history, and peasant life
- Diego Rivera
- one of the three foremost pioneers in social realism. Wanted revolutionary change. Worked with murals.
- Jose Lopez Portillo
- president in 70's. The nation faced inflation, unemployment, food shortages, and unfavorable balance of trade
- PRI
- (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Mexico's major party
- Mexican Oil Boom
- (1970's) Mexico exported lots of oil, brought in money. Corruption in gov't cost the gov't millions. Agriculture was neglected
- Brazil's chief export
- Coffee
- Getulio Vargas
- "father of the Poor" During the 1930's GLOBAL DEPRESSION, prices dropped and unemployment rose (EL CAUDILLO)
- How was Brazil ruled from 1945 to 1985?
- Brazil was ruled by the army and military leaders until they gave up their power and an election took place
- Juan Domingo Peron (year he became president)
- (1946) Set up an authoritarian gov't and worked to make Argentina's economy more self sufficient
- When and why was Peron ousted from his gov't?
- In 1955 he was ousted because the economy was weak and he couldn't gain support and Evita died
- When and why was Peron reelected?
- In 1973 he was reelected because the gov't was corrupt and the Argentinian people were nostalgic
- Evita Duarte Peron
- Was a radio & movie star who gained voting rights for women and was popular among the workers & poor (d. 1952)
- Isabel Peron
- Juan Peron's 3rd wife.
- What is it called when there is both unemployment and inflation?
- Stagflation
- "Los Desaparecidos"
- "the Disappeared Ones". Tens of thousands of students killed by gov't sponsored death squads
- Who ruled Argentina in the late 70s and early 80s?
- A junta
- Falkland Islands War (date)
- (April 2 1982) the Argentinian gov't invaded the Falklands, but British PM Margaret Thatcher sent troops to take over the island and Argentina surrendered
- Why did Argentina participate in the Falkland Islands War?
- They wanted to "distract the public and unite the country"
- Carlos Menem
- Took office in 1989. Faced inflation, but increased confidence in civilian gov't. "truth and reconciliation" hearings were bad because the juntas were not punished.
- What did the Argentinians call the Falklands?
- los Malvinas
- What were the Falklands famous for?
- Their whaling
- General Augusto Pinochet
- Pledged to wipe out Communism in Chile. (Facist) 1) suspended legislature 2) ordered severe censorship 3) violence against opponents 4) agreed to step down after a vote
- Salvador Allende
- Marxist. Inflation, nationalized businesses, land reform, higher wages in Chile.
- How was Cuba ruled after the Spanish-American war?
- Cuba was formally independent, but the US kept naval bases there and maintained peace. (colony)
- What was produced in Cuba?
- sugar
- Fulgencio Batista
- Former army sergeant who took control of Cuba and ran a harsh dictatorship
- Fidel Castro (nickname)
- "maximum leader" led rebel forced against Batista. Nationalized foreign holdings, campaign against illiteracy, rooted out racial discrimination. Allied with Soviets and set up one-party Marxist state. Executed and imprisoned his opponents.
- Two major events between US and Cuba(dates)
- Bay of Pigs (1961) and Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
- Economic nationalism
- Effort to bring about economic independece through local control and industrialization (opposite of neocolonialism)