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AP Environmental Unit 5 Vocabulary

AP Environmental Vocabulary From Chapter 19.

Terms

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Subsistence Agriculture
Traditional agricultural methods that are dependent on labor and a large amount of land to produce enough food to feed onself and one's family, with little left over to sell or reserve for hard times. Uses humans and draft animals as its main source of energy.
Genes
A segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information.
Food Security
A goal in which all of the world's people have access at all times to adequate amounts and kinds of food needed for healthy, active lives.
Land Degradation
Natural or human-induced processes that decrease the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock is the natural or human-induced process that decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock.
Intercropping
A form of intensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing several crops simultaneously on the same field.
Genetic Engineering
The ability to take a specific gene from one cell and place into another cell where it is expressed.
Shifting Cultivation
A traditional form of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow (land left uncultivated), during which times the natural ecosystems may become reestablished.
Essential Amino Acid
Any of the ten amino acids that must be obtained in the diet because humans cannot synthesize them from simpler materials.
Minerals
(1) An element, inorganic compound, or mixture that occurs naturally in Earth's crust. (2) Inorganic nutrients ingested (by animals) or absorbed (by plants) in the form of salts.
World Grain Carryover Stocks
The amounts of rice, wheat, corn, and other grains remaining from previous harvests, as estimated at the start of a new harvest; these provide a measure of world food security.
Organic Agriculture
Growing crops and livestock without the use of synthetic pesticides or commercial inorganic fertilizers. Makes use of natural organic fertilizers (such as manure and compost) and chemical-free methods of pest control.
Green Revolution
The period of time during the 20th century when plant scientists developed genetically uniform, high-yielding varieties of important food crops such as rice and wheat.
Genetic Diversity
Biological diversity that encompasses the genetic variety among individuals within a single species.
Proteins
A large, complex organic molecule composed of amino acid subunits; the principal structural components of cells.
Kwashiorkor
Malnutrition, most common in infants and in young children, that results from protein deficiency.
Marasmus
A condition of progressive emaciation that is especially common in children and is caused by a diet low in both total calories and protein.
Open Management
A policy in which all fishing boats of a particular country are given unrestricted access to fish in their national waters.
Monocultures
The cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area.
Malnutrition
A condition caused when a person does not receive enough specific essential nutrients in the diet.
Germplasm
Any plant or animal material that may be used in breeding; includes seeds, plants, and plant tissues of traditional crop varieties and the sperm and eggs of traditional livestock breeds.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that are linked together to form proteins. (See Essential Amino Acids)
Industrialized Agriculture
Modern agricultural methods that require a large capital input and less land and labor than traditional methods. Uses large inputs of energy (from fossil fuels), mechanization, water, and agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) to produce large crop and livestock yields.
Integrated Pest Management
A combination of pest control methods that, if used in the proper order and at the proper times, keep the size of a pest population low enough that it does not cause substantial economic loss.
Domesticated
Adapted to humans. Describes plants and animals that, during their association with humans, have become so altered from their original ancestors that it is doubtful they could survive and compete successfully in the wild.
Lipids
A diverse group of organic molecules that are metabolized by cellular respiration to provide the body with a high level of energy; commonly called fats and oils.
Slash-And-Burn Agriculture
A type of shifting cultivation in tropical forests in which a patch of vegetation is burned, leaving nutrient minerals, after which the land must lie fallow for many years to recover.
Nomadic Herding
A traditional grazing method in which nomadic herdsmen wander freely over rangelands in search of good grazing for their livestock.
Mariculture
The rearing of marine organisms (fishes, seaweeds, and shellfish) for human consumption; a subset of aquaculture.
Undernutrition
A condition caused when a person receives fewer calories in the diet than are needed.
Yields
In agriculture, the amount of food crop produced per unit of land.
Bycatch
Unwanted fishes, dolphins, and sea turtles that are caught along with commercially valuable fishes and then dumped, dead or dying, back into the ocean.
Carbohydrates
An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1C:2H:1O. Include sugars and starches, molecules metabolized readily by the body as a source of energy.
Aquaculture
The rearing of aquatic organisms (fishes, seaweeds, and shellfish), either freshwater or marine, for human consumption.
Overnutrition
A condition caused by eating food in excess of that required to maintain a healthy body.

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