Intro to Chinese History Midterm: Son of
Terms
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********Li Shinin (Taizong)*******
- 626-649 CE. "Confucian" emperor who gained the throne by "eliminating" family members. Made the Tang a "great" dynasty.
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An Lushan Rebellion
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Foreign Tang general marches on weak Tang capital in 755. Rebellion continues after death into 760s, dislocating and disrupting.
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Battle of Talas
- 751 CE. Muslims defeat Chinese near Central Asian R.
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Decree for "equalization of land"
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485 CE. All land bleongs to emperor; distributed evenly. Upon death, redistributed. Insured stability through getting the agrarian economy running for taxation.
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Downfall of the Mongols
- Black Death, Yellow R. flood (early C14), rebellions.
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Failed Mongol Invasion of Japan
- 1274, 1281. Multinational navy. Defeated by Kamikaze.
- Fish-scale books
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Hongwu. Detailed land holdings for taxation. Ideal of little agr. movement - static = stable.
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Grand Canal System
- From Yang Guang's reign. Connected political north and settling south (eventually Yellow R and Yangzi R). Recognizes shift of economic, cultural gravity of China to hospitable south.
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Jin State
- 1115-1234. Jurchen, ancestors of Manchu. Conquered Qidan, some Song territory. Sinicized culture, bur. while maintaining ID. Song made vassals.
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Khublai Khan
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1260-. Controlled China despite little knowledge of Chinese. Used Han advisors and founded Yuan dynasty. Finished off the Song in 1279 w/ Han help, unifying most of China.
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Late Tang Features
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Rebellion, tax simplification, drop in registration, distrust of the foreign, reaction against Buddhism
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Law of Avoidance
- Han practice institutionalized under Wendi. Can't govern home region; prevents local power build-up. Coupled with rotation system. Lasts through the 20th century.
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Li Yuan (Gaozu)
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618-626 CE. Founded Tang dynasty. Military, northern background.
- Li Zicheng
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Captures Ming captial in 1644. Rebelled with fellow postal workers for not getting paid - government poor, society rich. Brief dynasty overthrown by Manchus.
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Liao State
- 947-1125. Predate Song. Peopled by the Qidan, who had their own language and ID.
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Lijia System
- Hongwu. Local control of tax collection. 110 households under supervision of 10 wealthy families. 10 households/jia/controller.
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Local histories
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By elites to promote regions. Detailed accounts of activities. Model "chaste" women - promulgation of *norms*.
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Marco Polo
- "Visited" China in the 1270s. Actual visitation questionable. Observed Mongol policies.
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Ming Dynasty
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1368-1644. Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. Mongol successor. "Bright, brilliant." Considered weak, as it fell to the Manchus. Tone** of locality, control, stability set by founder.
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Ming Features
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Consolidation of local gentry, local histories, model women, vibrant commerce (shizoid relation to gov't), blossoming urban culture, reality vs. gov't framework
- Ming gentry
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Local literati who aspired to official positions. Not always officials, but those who succeeded often became landowners. From Ming emphasis on local.
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Mongol heirarchy
- Mongols>Semu>Han>Southerners
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Northern Wei Dynasty
- 386-534 CE. "Barbaric" state founded by the Tuoba (reconfigured Xiongnu). Incorporated Chinese bureauccracy; divided by call for sinicization (490s) (-->"Yuan"); land redistributed. Predecessors of Tang.
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Pax Mongolica
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Mongol Peace. c. 1300. Vast, world empire.
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Song Dynasty
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960-1279 CE. Regular and Southern (1127-1279) phases. Founded by Zhao Kuangyin. Militarily weak, economically and populationly strong.
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Song political features
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Free land market, clearly defined tax system, fiscal regulation, emphasis on/expansion of *civilian* bureaucracy, decentralization, many massive urban centers due to trade, Maritime trade (weak army), monetization
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Song society/culture features
- Conrucian resurgence due to exams (Neo-Conf.), triumph, self-det. of (open?) exam elites "scholar gentry", "Chinese" culture,vibrant, extensive, unregulated trade, women's rights, bound feet, ideal of women in *manuals*
- Song's Modern features
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Massive iron production, extensive maritime trade, paper money, printing, weak military, firmer IDs, consolidation of Civil Service Exam, small state with rivals/foreign relations. "Modern?"
- Sui Dynasty
- 581-618 CE. Founded by Yang Jian. Known for continuation of Northen Wei bureacratic/land policies, canal system, and military expeditions.
- Tang Characteristics
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Cosmopolitanism, internationalism, solidified Civil Service exam (Daoist/Confucian), flourishing religions, Flourishing culturer (famous poets Li Bo [701-62] and Du Fu [712-770]), Confucian Legalist code.
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Tang Dynasty
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618-907 CE. Related to Northern Wei. Founded by Li Yuan.
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Tax Farming
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Mongol system, among others. Local elites collect taxes however they want, give set amount to government. In exchange for power. Shallow penetration of Chinese economy.
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Temujin (Ghenghis Khan)
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Supreme ruler. c. 1155-1227. Founded Mongol empire, united peoples. Picked by a tribal council. Descendants destroyed the Jin dynasty.
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The Dynasties (and their Families) through the Ming
- Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin (Li/Zheng), Han (Liu), Northern Wei (Tuoba/Yuan), Sui (Yang), Tang (Li), Song (Zhao), Yuan (Mongol Khanate), Ming (Zhu)
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Two-Tax System
- Late Tang measure. Taxes consolidated into two, singular installments/yr. People pay when they're found, instead of when they're registered. Also removes control from tax farmers.
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Wang Anshi
- 1021-86. Modern economic reforms encouraging farming expansion, circulating commodities, emphasizing finance, thinking of profits indicate modern, expansionist economic thought.
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Western Xia State
- 1038-1227. Tangut people asserted ID, defeated Song after declaring empire. Written language. Mixed state. Bureaucracies, taxes, subjects. Han civil servants.
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Wu Zhao (Empress Wu)
- 660-705 CE. Competent ruler condemned as woman usurper by Confucians. First Taizong's, then his son's concubine. Removed sons from power to ascend. Great Buddhist. Only woman emperor. Declared brief Zhou Dyansty
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Yang Guang (Yangdi)
- Son of Wendi. Built Grand Canal System, sent military expeditions out (including to Korea). Condemned as too bad, wasteful. Drained national resources and used too much manpower.
- Yang Jian (Wendi)
- 581 CE. Military man of mixed NW origin who conquered south China in 589. Continued Northern Wei policies; Law of Avoidance (institutionalized Han practice).
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Yellow Registers
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Hongwu tracks population by profession. Implies frozen occupations. Mongol idea.
- Yuan Dynasty/features.
- 1271-?. Mongol dynasty, founded by Khublai Khan. Buddhism, geo-ethnic social heirarchy, racist exams after Khublai, discrimination, flourishing Han theater/culture, strict social barriers/registration, tax farming
- Zhao Kuangyin (Taizu)
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960-976 CE. Founded Song dynasty. General of the Later Zhou who united China.
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Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)
- Half-Jap pirate. Resisted Manchu form multi-cultural, cosmopolitan fortress on SE coast. Flees to Taiwan in 1659, driving out Dutch - "nationalist." D. 1662. Rebellion lasts a few more decades. Father accepted Manch
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Zheng Hu's Seven Expeditions
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1405-1433. Muslim Eunuch goes to India, East Africa with massive fleet. Projected empire's awe, majesty, befuddled later Westerners by not dominating. Brought back valuables, not goods.
- Zhu Di (Yongle)
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1403-1424. Expansionist; fought remaining Mongols. Capital--> Beijing for military control. Grand capital, forbidden palace. Sponsored Sheng He's expeditions for recognition, majesty.
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Zhu Xi
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1130-1200. Founder of Neo-Confucianism. Synthesized and reasserted Confucianism as part of anti-Buddhist/Daoist reaction. Commentaries became standard exam material.
- Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu)
- 1368-1398. Founded Ming dynasty. Name of dynasty from Manechism. "moved China towards autocracy." Centralized after kinship failed. Moved capital. Built walls. "Restored stability" and agriculture.&n