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- Mark Anthony
- gave the funeral speech for Julius Caesar-- scared away Brutus and other Senators who killed Julius/ part of the second triumvirate
- Homer
- wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey in the eigth century BCE
- heliocentric
- a model in which the earth revolved around the sun
- Yahweh
- a great god known as the cheif deity of the Hebrews
- Consuls
- the chief executive power who was elected from among the senate for one year terms that could not be repeated
- Middle Kingdom
- (2100-1650 BCE) followed the Old Kingdom/ continued the refinement of the arts and crafts- extended the country up the Nile to the South- trade became more extensive with neighboring countries- religion changed in its views on who could enter the afterlife- middle class became apparent- th eking united upper and lower egypt
- matrilineal
- names and rights were recieved from the mother's side
- Hippocrates
- one of the greatest of the Pre-socratic period/ founder of the scientific medicine/ wanted to teach people to observe the life around them/ the first great empiricist
- civilization
- a group of people who live together and share the same beliefs
- Philosophy ("love of wisdom")
- the search for wisdom/ Greeks are the originators of philosophy/ greek philosophy is divided into two periods- the Pre-socratic period and the Classical age
- pictogram
- the practice of writing through pictures
- bantu
- a language spoken by many in the north eastern coasts and the upper nile valley
- mesopotamia
- "the land between the two rivers"/ controlled by the sumerians
- akkad
- the first empire of the world/ capital of the land between the two rivers/ established by Sargon the great
- Plato
- (427- 347 BCE) pupil and admirer of Socrates who provided much of our knowledge of Socrates
- Senate
- originally senoir members of certian oldest families then limited to 300 chosen by consuls and censors from the oldest families/ initiated legislation and could veto the assemblies until 287
- stateless society
- a society without a state (a group of people who specialize in carrying out what the government says)
- agricultural- neolithic revolution
- the beginnings of farming
- Hieroglyphics ("sacred carvings")
- pictographs that could convey either an idea or a phonetic sound
- 8000 BCE
- ?
- Egypt
- a productive ancient civilization
- Aristotle
- founded the first academy in Athens
- Sulla
- created a "proscription" list of enemies who anyone could brinng in and get their property/ took the title of perpetual dictator- tried to strengthen senate- weakened tribunes- weakened consuls- weakened the generals/ resigned dictator and became a consul and died soon after
- iron age
- the discovery of how to smelt and temper iron tools and weapons
- Cynicism
- called for total simplicity/ Major figure= Diogenes who toured the streets with a lantern in daylight in search of an honest man
- Polis
- a greek city-state
- culture
- the human created part of the environment/ the way of life of a distinct group of humans interacting with one another/ prehistory culture- associated with and identified by tools
- 753 BCE
- the date that Rome was supposedly founded
- 399 BCE
- the death (suicide) of Socrates
- Minoan
- Crete culture/ named after Minos- the mythical king of Crete
- monotheism
- belief in one god instead of many gods
- SUMERIANS
- began the first urban civilization in the lower courses of the tigris and Euphrates river/ the civilization was supported by extensive farming/ developed a series of small competing kingdoms or city-states
- dynasties
- periods of monarch rule by one family
- Etruscans
- came to Italy around 800 probably by following a route along the northern Adriatic sea/ established a series of small city-states in the northern and central areas of the peninsula/ they left a small amount of writing but it has never been deciphered/ a federation headed by a series of Etruscan kings ruled over early Rome
- natural law
- a set of phenomena in nature that when understood explains why certain things occur
- Olympic games
- the most important athletic event opened to all men was the great pan-Hellenistic festival
- Great Zimbabwe
- leading civilization of early southern Africa and exporter of gold to the East African coast
- Mansa Musa
- early Africa's most noted leader/ ruled Songhay from 1307-1332/ extended the kingdom very far and ruled twice the amount of people as England ruled at the time/ muslim- who influenced many people to believe in Islam/ encouraged education
- aristocracy
- rule by those who are born to leading families and thereby are qualified to rule, whether or not they are particularly qualified in other ways
- David
- the successor of Saul/ successful in conquering Jerusalem which became the Hebrew's capital
- Zoroaster (zarathustra)
- a religion that was developed in Persia/ the religion focuses on good and evil
- Troy
- a civilization in ancient Greece that was involved in the Trojan war
- 31 BCE- 180 CE
- the time of the Pax Romana
- Diaspora
- the scattering of Jews from ancient Palestine
- Moses
- the legendary leader of the Hebrews/ led them in the flight from the wrath of the Egyptian pharoah (the exodus)
- Neolithic period (new stone age)
- humans made the breakthrough to advanced culture and eventually civilization/ the adoption of culture demanded a settled life
- hominind
- a humanlike creature/ able to walk upright/ came to the earth 5.5 million years ago
- 3500 BCE
- ?
- Hittites
- an Indo-euopean group of tribes who came out of southern Russia into modern day Turkey and constructed an empire there that reached as far into the east and the south as the Zagros mountains and Palestine/ first people to smelt iron/ esablished the first example of the multi-ethnic state
- democracy
- rule by the people, almost always by means of majority vote on disputed issues
- Archaeology ("the study of origins")
- the study of prehistoric and or historical cultures through the examination of their artifacts
- epicureanism
- taught that the principle good of life was pleasure- the avoidance of pain/ founder= Epicurus
- Swahili
- Bantu speaking people/ refers to the people of the east african coast
- Patriarchy
- a society in which males have social and political dominance
- Hellenistic
- the altered form of Hellenism (the new style of civilized community and art forms created by the Greeks of the classical age)
- menes
- the first Pharoah/ appears to be a legend, if he was real the only fact we know about him is his name- Menes
- Pax Romana
- the Roman peace from 31 BCE until 180 BCE was the greatest of Augustus' achievements
- 490-478 BCE
- ?
- Proconsuls
- a group of permanent commanders/ governers
- Delian League
- Athens formed a group of unwilling satelittes among the nearby polis with its growing wealth from their victory in the Persian wars
- ostracisim
- the pushing out of a citizen who would not conform to the will of his neighbors
- Aeneid
- ?
- Stoicism
- ?
- Pompey
- became famous by fighting in Asia minor and Syria adding those areas to the empire/ conquered the seleucid kingdom and even Judea/ senate refused to ratify his treaties and pay his soldiers
- Carthage
- a great trading city independent of its homeland, Phonecia/ at one point Carthage was the most powerful force in the western Mediterranean
- patrilineal
- names and rights were determined by the father's lineage
- Mali
- overthrew Ghana/ Mali and Ghana relied on the taxes from gold, salt, and slaves/ expanded and came to dominate most of West Africa
- Second Punic War
- (218-202 BCE) began when Carthage built up its troops and invaded Italy/ during the war Hannibal won battle after battle against Rome but eventually Hannibal was defeated because he was forced to return to Carthage to defend the city against a Roman counterinvasion/ the battle of Zama in 202 BCE was a clear Roman victory, and Carthage was forced to give up most of its extensive holdings in Africa and Spain
- Jus Gentium
- governed the relations between the citizens and noncitizens/ law of the nations- became international
- Cleisthenes
- an aristocrat and the true founder of the Athenian democracy/ believed that the people should have the last say in their own government because it was just and it was the best way to keep civil peace
- Exodus
- the Hebrew's flight from the wrath of the Egyptian Pharoah in 1250 BCE
- Ghana
- gold dried up and was overthrown by the Mali kingdom
- Pharoah ("from the great house")
- a god who chose to live among his favored people for a time
- Patricians
- the senate was composed of the patricians- or the Roman upper class
- Tutankhamen
- (1347-1339 BCE) Howard Carter (Brittish archaeologist) discovered Kings Tut's grave/ King Tut died at the age of 18 without having done anything of consequence during his reign
- oligarchy
- rule by a few, and almost always the few are the wealthiest of the society
- paleolithic period (the stone age)
- the lengthy period extending from about the appearance of the first tool making homininds to about 8,000 BCE/ Paleolithic peoples were hunters and gatherers
- matriarchy
- female social and political dominance
- geocentric
- a universe centered on the earth/ Ptomely picked up this theory
- Animisim (shamanism)
- the belief that there is a spiritual world that affects our world
- Marcus Aurelius
- the greatest emperor after Augustus/ the last of the five good emperors who ruled in the second century CE/ left a small book called Meditations/ opposed Chritianity/ introduced a new note of human compassion
- civilization
- a complex, developed culture usually associated with specific achievements such as agriculture, urban life, specialized labor, and a system of writing
- First Punic War
- (264-241 BCE) with this war Rome started down the road to an imperium (an empire)/ the war broke out over the question of dominance in sicily and ended twenty years later with the surrender of important colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome
- axum
- the main city within a kingdom located in the Ethiopian highlands/ overthrew Kush/ christianity was introduced to Ethiopia/ mountains= protected from Muslim conquer
- semetic
- the semetic language family is one of the major language families in the world and includes both Hebrew and Arabic as well as many others
- Hammurabi
- first of the historic lawgivers whose work has survived into our times/ ruler of Mesopotamia from 1792-1750 BCE
- Saul
- first king of the newly founded kingdom located at the conquered land of the Canaanites and the Philistines
- Virgil
- ?
- Kush
- african kingdom that emerged in the fifteenth century BCE and was overthrown in the fourth century BCE/ order of capitals- Kerma (an area near Napata) and Meroe ( a major iron producer)
- Phillip the 11 of Macedon
- the ruler of the kingodm of Macedonia/ father of Alexander the Great
- solon
- the most important oligarchy who ruled in the sixth century
- Phidias
- famous athenian sculptor/ created the statue of athena that stands inside the Parthenon
- Julio- Claudians
- Augustus' family-- first five emperors were members of this family
- Pericles
- a great orator who led the democrats of the Athenians/ ordered the construction of the Parthenon during the Peloponessian war
- Mystery Religions
- ?
- sargon the great
- Semitic invader of Sumerians/ Esablished the capital in the new town of Akkad
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- the first epic poem on worl literature
- Marius
- a pleb who rose to General by talent/ chosen to be consul seven times when military emergencies dictated/ reformed the army
- Abraham
- honored in the traditions of Judaism, Islam, and christianity as the first man to form a spiritual covenant with god
- homo sapiens
- habitant of earth
- First Triumvirate
- Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
- Dorians
- a wave of Nomads from the north
- Proletariat
- people without sources of income except the daily sale of their labor
- Old Kingdom
- (3100- 2200 BCE) extended from menes to the first intermediate period/ ancient Egypt's most fertile and successful era
- Bronze age
- the period when bronze art objects and bronze weapons predominated in a given part of the world
- cuneiform
- the basic format of the written language after about 3500 BCE/ a script written in wedge-shaped characters on clay tablets about the size of your hand
- Princeps ("first citizen")
- the name Octavion preferred to be called- Octavion's rule was often called the Principate
- Solomon
- (970-935 BCE) David's son/ most renowned king of the hebrews/ many people were not fond of Solomon because of his high taxes and luxurious living/ during his reign the Hebrews became involved with Egyptian and Mesopotamian trade/ during his reign the famous temple of Jerusalem was created
- 323 BCE
- the death of Alexander the Great
- Osiris
- ruler of the afterlife
- anthropology
- refers to the science that studies humans as a species rather than studying a special aspect of their activity
- Hyksos
- a group of people who crossed the Sinai peninsula and conquered the Nile Delta
- New Kingdom
- (1550-700 BCE) the Empire/ began after the defeat of the Hyksos invaders- attempted to expand their beliefs to neighbors- fell becuase of internal discontent and military reversals- Persian conquest--- nothing changed except for the people who collected the taxes
- Mycenaean
- the people of the epoch when the Indo-europeans entered the peninsula
- The Republic
- ?
- ziggurats
- stepped pyramids
- Plebeians
- the assembly was composed of the plebeians- or the Roman commoners
- Iliad
- (eigth century BCE) an epic of ancient Greece history which deals with the Mycenaean's war against the powerful city-state of Troy
- monarchy
- rule by a single person, a king or equivalent who has the final word in law by right
- Socrates
- (470-399 BCE) the first philosopher to focus on ethical and epistemological (truth establishing) questions/ he focused on human rationality rather than physical nature
- Macedonia
- located to the north of Greece/ contained a Barabric people
- Julius Caesar
- after a disagreement with Rome and Pompey he invaded Rome and defeated Pompey/ he wanted a new government/ took the titles of dictator, consul, and imperator/ voted honors of a god
- Babylon
- a powerful city that created the best known ziggurat, The Tower of Babel of biblical fame
- Octavion (Augustus- "revered one")
- formed the second triumvirate with Lepidus and Mark Anthony-- voted dictorial power/ won the battle of Actium in 31 BCEand returned to Rome with complete control
- neanderthal man
- flourished in west germany about 30,000 years ago and disappeared at about the same time the homo spiens appeared in Europe/ not sure why the neanderthal man died out but the best guess is that climatic changes affected the Neanderthal man
- Akhnaton
- (1367-1350 BCE) young and inexperienced ruler/ attempted to convert the Egyptian religion to monotheism
- helotry (helots)
- a state of near slavery- the messenians were reduced to this state after they were defeated in the Messenian wars (Messenia vs. Sparta)
- australopithecus
- a bipedal creature who roamed eastern africa's savanna more than 3 million years ago
- empiricist
- ?
- 431-404 BCE
- the time of the Peloponessian war
- Odyssey
- (eigth century BCE) an epic of ancient Greece history which tells of the hero Odysseus after the war
- Pisistratus
- succeded solon/ tyrant- a dictator/ set up a monarchy with his sons
- Tribunes
- two were chosen by assemblies to protect Plebs/ could veto consuls and later the senate
- polytheism
- the belief of many gods instead of one god
- Alexander the Great
- (336-323 BCE) son of king Phillip 11 of Macedon/ thirteen year long reign/ succeded his father/ conquered most of the world known to the Greeks/ died in Babylon at the age of 33 one year after he led his troops back to Persia
- Sir Arthur Evans
- archaeologist
- Censors
- below the consuls in authority who were always drawn from the ranks of senators/ had the power to supervise the conduct and morals of their fellow senators
- 31 BCE
- Octavion won the battle of Actium and returned to Rome in complete control
- polygammy
- the practice or condition of a man having more than one wife
- Euclid
- an egyptian greek who produced the Elements of Geometry
- Parthenon
- the main Athenian temple was erected by order of Pericles during the Peloponessian war as a shrine to athena
- theocracy
- rule by gods or by priests