ANT 2000 test three
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- True or False: agriculture is recent?
- True
- For millions of years humans used _______ plants and animals
- Wild
- What are those that collect their food called?
- Hunters & gathers
- These are the general features for what type of society? Small communites, Nomadic, no individual land rights, no classes, no full-time specialists, and a division of labor by age and sex.
- Hunters & gathers
- What is an example of Hunters & gathers?
- !Kung
- True or False: The !Kung spend many hours a day collecting food.
- False
- Where are the !Kung located
- South Africa
- What are three examples of food production?
- Horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
- When were plants and animals domesticated (approx)
- 10,000 years ago
- Did Horticulture start in one place and spread?
- No, it started in many locations
- What kind of Horticulture is practiced in Yanomamo (Brazil, Venezuela)?
- Slash and Burn
- In IA are the feilds cultivated and permanent?
- Yes
- In IA do they depend on rain?
- No, they have fertilizer and irrigation systems
- In IA are plows used?
- Yes
- In IA are animal plows used?
- Yes, but also tractor plows
- What are these general features of? Towns and cities, craft specialization, complex political organizations, differences with wealth, power, and land owndership
- Intensive Agriculture
- What is pastoralism?
- Domesticated herds of animals.
- Which is more important (in pastoralism) the meat or the milk/blood?
- Milk/blood. Ew...
- Is trade important in pastoralism?
- Yes (with the agriculutre groups)
- What are the general features of Pastoralists? (4)
- They're nomadic, live in small communites, the animals are owned by indiviuals or familes, and trade is frequent
- What are the three basic factors of economic systems?
-
1. Allocation (ownership)
2. Conversion (production)
3. Distribution - What is not an unusual incentive for labor?
- Profit
- what is the universal divison of labor?
- Age and gender
- What are the three general types of goods and services?
- Reciprocity, Redistribution, and market (commercial)
- What is reciprocity?
- giving and taking without money - gifts, trade
- What is generalized reciprocity?
- Giving with no immediate return
- What is an example of generalized reciprocity?
- !Kung and the distribution of large game.
- What is Balanced reciprocity?
- Reciprocity that expects immediate return.
- What is an example of balanced reciprocity?
- Trobian islanders and their shell necklaces for arm bands
- What does it mean for reciprocity to be used as a leveling device?
- Reciprocity gift giving, it equalizes the distribution of goods between communites
- What are two examples of reciprocity being used as a leveling device?
- The giving of pigs in New Guinea and the Native American Potlatch
- What is redistribution?
- When goods are accumulated by a person and later distributed
- What type of organization does a redistribution require?
- Political
- Redistribution is usually...
- Agriculture
- What is a market/ commerical exchange?
- Where prices are based on suppy and demand
- Most market transactions involve...
- Money
- What is a peasant economy?
- One that reguarly sells the surplus but isn't fully commerical
- What is social stratification?
- Variation in degree of social inequality
- What are the three advantages to social stratifcation?
-
1. Wealth
2. Power
3. Prestige - Egalitarian, Rank, and Class are three types of what?
- Stratifited society
- What is a eglitarian society?
- One that is most common in hunting &gathering groups and the positions depend on ability (and there's lots of sharing, not stratified)
- What are some examples of a egalitarian society?
- !Kung and Foragers
- What is a rank society?
- Where social groups have unequal access to prestige or status (wealth not nessarily important)
- A rank society usual is composed of...
- Food producers
- What are some examples of a rank soceity?
- Kwakiutl and the Trobriand Islanders
- A ______ is a category of people who have the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power and prestige
- Class
- The two types of class societies are?
- Open and caste
- What is an open society?
- One which social mobility is possible (moving from one class to another - America)
- What is a caste society?
- The classes are close and membership is only by birth (India)
- When was the first archeological evidence of inequality found?
- Not before 8000 years ago, around the time agriculture emerged
- Burials with elite grave goods are an example of...
- The emergence of stratification
- What is marriage?
- It is anapproved sexual and economic union between a man and a woman
- What is the Nayar Exception
- This is where there is no permanent sexual and economic cooperation by the husband
- Why is marriage universal?
- It is an adaptive, universla soltuion to solve problems.
- Gender division of labor, prolonged infant dependency and sexual competition are problems solved by...
- Marriage
- What marks the onset of marriage?
- Many societies have ceremonies, others have other social signals
- A bride pricee, bride service, exchange, or dowry are all examples of...
- The economic aspects of marriage that transitions in about 75% of societies
- What is a bride price?
- The most common economic aspect that involves money or goods going to the bride's family
- What is bride service?
- The second most common economic aspect that involes the groom working for the brides family
- What is the exchange of females?
- This is a not common economic aspect which involes a female member of the grooms family being traded for the bride
- What is a dowry?
- Goods from brides family given to the bride
- What is a restrictions on marriage?
- The universal taboo is incest
- Childhood-familiarity theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Family-disruption theory, Cooperation theory, and the Inbreeding theory are all examples of...
- Five theories of the incest taboo
- What is an arranged marriage
- The marriage is arrangaed by family
- What is Exogamy?
- Marriage outside group
- What is endogamy?
- marriage inside group
- What is a cross cousin marriage?
- The father's sister's child or the mother's brother's child
- What is a parallel-cousin marriage?
- The father's brother's child or the mother's sister's child
- What is levirate?
- Where the widow marries the brother of her dead husband
- What is sororate?
- Where the woman marries her dead sister's husband.
- What is monogamy?
- One man and one woman at a time
- What is polygamy?
- Plural marriage
- What is Polynyny?
- Man has more than one wife (this is allowed in most societies studied)
- What is polyandry?
-
One woman married to several men (very rare)
Tibet - land scarce - What is the family?
- The social and economic unit
- What are the two common categories of family?
- Extended and nuclear
- Patrilocal is...
- New couple lives with groom's parents
- Matrilocal is...
- New couple live with bride's parents
- Bilocal is...
- May live with either parent
- Avunculocal...
- Live with the groom's mother's brother
- Neolocal is..
- Couple live apart form either parent
- What is kinship?
- Connections prove main struction of social action
- Patrilineal
- Related through men (child belongs to fathers group)
- Matrilienal
- related through men (child belongs to mothers group)
- Ambilineal
- related through men or women (side of choice)
- Double descent
- affiliated with patrilineal for some purposes and matrilineal for others
- Bilateral kinship
- Both sides of relatives equally important
- Unilineal descent
- calcuclae descent through one side
- Lineages, clans, phratries, and moieties are...
- types of unilineal descent groups
- Lineage
- Trace descent from known common ancestor
- Clans
- Assume common ancestor but not actually known
- Totems
- Plants or animals refer to kin group
- Phraties
- groups composed of more than one clan
- moieties
- society dived into two halves
- Kinship terminonly
- system of classifcation terms
- Consanguineal kin
- related through blood
- Affineal kin
- related through marriage
- On the kinship chart ego is...
- a reference point
- on the kinship chart a circle is..
- a female
- on the kinship chart a triangle is...
- a male
- Inuit/Eskimo, Omaha, Crow, Irqouis, Dudanese, and Hawaiian are...
- The six major examples of kinship terminoly systems
- Inuit or Eskimo term system
- mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter - not grouped with cousins or uncles (American system)
- Hawaiian term system
- groups of relatives of same sex and generation
- What is an associaton?
- An organized group not based on kinship or territory
- What is a non voluntary association?
- One that is based on age or sex and includes "age-sets" and "unisex"
- What is an age-grade?
- a culturall distinguished range
- What is and age-set?
- Group of person f simly age and same sex that move through stages together
- What is a unisex association?
- Where the membership is one sex
- What is a voluntary association?
-
Regional or ethnic assiociations
alsot interest groups (occupation, political, recreational, charitable, social clubs etc)