SS Chapter 7
Terms
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- what family ruled before chandragupta?
- the nanda family
- what empire did they rule?
- magadha
- how did chandragupta maurya take over?
- he fathered an army, killed the nanda king, and calimed the throne
- in what year?
- 321 BC
- what empire did he begin?
- mauryan empire
- what lands did chandragupta seize?
- all the land from magadha to the indus
- why did chandragupta fight seleucus?
- he had inherited control of the eastern part of alexander the greats empire
- who won?
- Liu Bang
- what did he get out of it?
- some of the territory
- by 303, describe the mauryan empire
- it stretched more than 2000 miles and united north india politically for the first time
- kautilya
- chandraguptas advier who wrote a rulers handbook called the Arthasastra
- what kind of government did chandragupta create?
- highly bureacratic
- how did chandragupta divide the empire?
- into four provinces, each headed by a royal prince, and each was divided intolocal districts, whose officials assessed taxes and enforced the law
- Megasthenes
- ambassador sent to Chandraguptas capital by Seleucus to keep peace with theindian emperor
- Asoka
- Chandraguptas grandson who brought the Mauryan empire to greatest heights
- how did asoka at first run the empire?
- waging war to expand
- what did he do to do this?
- led a campaign against the state of kalinga and had many of them slaughtered
- how did asoka feel after this?
- he felt bad abot it
- what did he dO?
- he studied buddhism and decideed to rule by buddhas teaching on nonviolnce
- how did asoka promise to treat his subjects?
- fairly and humanely
- religious toleration
-
acceptance of people who held different beliefs
-asoka urged this - what did asoka do good for his empire?
- built extensive roads to make trael easier, with stops along the way
- when did the empire begin to break up
- after asokas death
- what happenedto the empire after asokas death?
- regional kings challeneged the imperial gov't. tthe kingdoms regained their indepedence
- what dynasty arose after the death of asoka
- andhra dynasty
- what was in indias southern tip after asokas death?
- home to 3 kingdoms who had never been conquered by the mauryans
- who lived there?
- the Tamil people
- what happened in these 3 kingdoms often?
- they were often at war w/ each other
- chandra gupta
- started indians second empire, the gupta empire
- the gupta empire
- indias second empire
- what title did chadra gupta I take?
- "great king of kings"
- what did chandra gupta I's empire include?
- magadga and the area just to the north of it, with the central region of the ganges river as a power base
- samudra gupta
- chandra gupta I's son who became king
- what did samudra do?
- loved poetry and music but also expanded the empire w/ 40 years of war and conquest
- what era is the first period about which historians have much info concerning daily life in india?
- gupta era
- patriarchal
- family headed by the eldest male;
- matriarchal
- the mother was the head of the family
- who had a patriacrchal society?
- most indian families
- who was matriarchal?
- some tamil groups
- chandra gupta II
- 3rd gupta emperor
- who did he defeat and what did this result in?
- he defeated the Shakas, an ememy kingdom to the west, and added their west coast territory to his empire
- how did they help?
- this allowed them to take part in the trade between indian and the mediterranean
- through what peaceful means did II strengthen his empire?
- negotiated diplomatic and marriage alliances--arranged for his daughter to marry a king who controlled the western deccan
- what achievements were there during the rule of the first 3 guptas?
- achievements in art, literature, religious thought, science, and math
- what happened after the death of chandra gupta II?
- innvaders called hunas threatened northern india, and the gupta empire broke into small seperate kingdoms
- this was the name given to the first indian dynasty, which began about 321 BC
- mauryan
- this person was the first emperor of the indian dynasty
- chandragupta maurya
- this emperor gave up his throne, converted to jainism, and eneventually starved to death while fasting
- chandragupta maurya
- what were indias 2 main faiths?
- hinduism and buddhism
- a complex polytheistic religion that evolved from a blend of aryan and pre-aryan beliegs
- hinduism
- stresses that each indivudal can reach a state of peace called nirvana
- buddism
- bodhisattvas
- potential buddhas who could choose to give up nirvana and work to save humanity through good work and sacrifice
- mahayana
- form of buddhism that accepted new doctines and velieved salvation was available to all
- theravada
- sect of buddhism that held to the buddhas stricter, original teachings
- how did hinduism change?
-
although they still worshipped hundreds of gods, a trend towards monotheism was growing
-many people began to believe there was only one divine force in the universe - 3 most important gods
-
1. brahma-creator of the world
2. vishnu-preserver of the world
3. shiva-destroyer of the world - Kalidasa
- indian writer who wrote a famous play called Shakuntala
- in what did the indians advance in?
- atronomy, math, medicine
- how did they advance in astronomy?
-
used stars to help them figure their position at sea
used a calendar based on the moon
had a 7-day wee divided into hours
proved the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse - math advancement
- moderl numerals, zero, and the decimal system
- aryabhata
-
calculated the value of pi to four decmimal places
calculated the length of a solar year almost correctly - medicine
-
compiled medical guides
performed surgery - Silk Roads
- caravan routes that crisscrossed central asia
- why was it called silk roads?
- traders used them to bring silk from china to western asia and on to rome
- how did indians profit on the silk roads?
- they acted as middle-men between business transactions
- what other way did the indians trade?
- sea trade
- who are some people indian traded with?
- africa, arabia, china,
- how did increased trade leead to the rise of banking?
- bankers were willing to lend money to merchants and charge them interest on loans
- how did indian culture spread through trade?
- a number of indian merchants went to live abroad and brought indian culture with them. it affected art, architecture, and dance throughout southeast asia. they also spread their religions
- what happened in china after shi huangdis death?
- peasants rebelled, rival kinds raised armies and fought over territory
- during the civil war, what two pwoerful leaders emerged?
- Xiang Yu and Liu Bang
- Han Dynasty
- began by Liu Bang
- how long did it rule china?
- for more than 400 years
- what two periods is the han dynasty divided into?
- Former Han and Later Han
- what policy of shi huangdis did Liu Bang establish to destroy the rival king's power
- establishing a centralized government
- centralized government
- a central authority controls the running of a state
- commanderies
- hundreds of local officials of provinces reporting to liu bang
- what policy did liu bang depart from of shi huangidis?
- legalism
- how did he do this?
- lowered taxes and softened harsh punishments
- Empress Lu
- ruled when liu bang died because she was the mother of his young son; outlived this son and named one infant and then another as emperor
- what happened aftter Lu died?
- people who remained loyal to liu bangs family took power and executed the empress' relatives
- how did woman try to get rule?
-
1. competed for emperor's notice
2. made freinds w/ influential people in court - Wudi
- Liu bangs great grandson
- why is he called the martial emperor
- he adopted the policy of expanding the chinese empire through war
- Xiongnu people
- moads and enemies of wudi and raided the chinese people
- how did wudi stop them?
- put troops at the border where they came from
- where did wudi colonize?
-
areas northeast, now manchuria and korea
and soth, now vietnam - how far had the empire expanded by the end of wudis reign?
- nearly to the bounds of present-day china
- what kind of gov't did the chinese have?
- complex bureacracy
- who owed a months worth of public works in china every yar
- peasants
- civil service jobs
- government jobs that civilians obtain by taking exams
- under the han dynasty, what did they test applicants on?
- confucianism
- what did wudi do to get job applicants to study confucius' work?
- set up a schoool
- who began the civil service system?
- wudi
- what did the chinese invent?
-
1. paper
2. collar harness
3. perfected plow
4. wheelbarrow
5. watermills to grind grain - how did paper help?
-
1. books were more readily available
2. recordkeeping in govt improved - what did confuscian scholars and ordinary people cconsuder the most important and honrable occupation when the population swelled to 60 million?
- agriculture
- assimilation
- the process of making the conquered people part of chinese culture
- how did the gov't accomplish assimilation?
-
gov't sent chinese farmers to settle newly colonized areas, and encouraged them to intermarry w/ locals
-set up schools to train locals and then appointed them to gov't posts - Sima Qian
- known as grand historian for his wpork in compliing a history of china from the ancient dynasties to wudi
- Ban Biao
- started writing THE HISTORY OF THE FORMER HAN DYNASTY and had his children finish it
- what happened during the time of economic change?
- political instability grew-inexperienced emperors, chaos
- wang mang
- decided a strong ruler was needed--overthrew the than and toook the imperial title for himself
- what did this end?
- the first half of the han dynasty, the former han
- what did wang mang do to try to bring the country under control?
-
-minted new money to relieve treasury's shortage
-set up public ganeries to gelp feed chinas poor - how was wang mang helping the poor?
- -took large landholdings from the rich and planned to redistribute the land to the farmers who lost their land
- what happened to wang mang?
-
their was a great flood
peasants revolted and wealthy revolted and killed jim - who took rule next?
- a member of the old imperial family
- what did this begin
- the second half of the Han dynasty, Later Han