vocab need to know
Terms
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- civil disobediance
- the refusal to obey unjust laws
- deforestation
- destruction of forests
- hellenistic
- type of culture, resulting from Alexander the Great's conquests, that blended eastern and western influences
- developed nation
- nation with established agriculture and industry, advanced technology, and a strong educational system
- guild
- a type of trade assosiation of merchants or artisians that was active in the Middle Ages
- Columbian exchange
- global exchange of people, animals, ideas, and technology that began in the late 1400's
- chador
- cloak worn by some Muslim women
- absolutism
- political system in which autocratic rulers have complete control over the government and the lives of people in their nations.
- acid rain
- toxic mixture that is produced when rain falls through polluted air.
- Congress of Vienna
- conference held in 1815 among European diplomats that had the purpose of restoring order and stability to Europe
- Glorious Revolution
- in Britain, nonviolent overthrow of the government of James II that resulted in the reign of William and Mary
- cultural diffusion
- the exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and technologies among cultures
- Great Leap Forward
- program begun by Moa Zedong in China in 1958 to increase agriculture and industrial output
- germ theory
- medical theory stating that many diseases are caused by microorganisms
- blitz
- massive bombing
- developing nation
- nation with limited resources that faces obstacles in achieving modern industrial economies
- cash crop economy
- economy based on the raising and selling of one crop or a small number of crops
- Great Depression
- global economic downturn that began in 1929
- dirty war
- period beginning in the late 1970's in Argentina during which the military arrested, tortured, and killed thousands of people
- Council of Clermont
- council of the Christian Church, held in 095, that sparked the Crusades
- euro
- European currency intorduced in 1999
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- formed in 1967, group of nine Southeast Asian countries that coordinate policies among members in areas such as trade and agriculture.
- glasnost
- period of openness called for in the middle 1980's by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union
- Hanseatic League
- trade association of nothern German towns in the mid-1300's
- desert
- dry, barren land
- antibiotic
- drug that attacks or weakens disease the bacteria that cause many diseases.
- epidemic
- an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects a large number of people
- caliph
- successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
- aqueduct
- bridgelike stone structure that brings water from hills to cities, first used by ancient Romans
- Central Powers
- World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire (later joined by Bulgaria)
- dharma
- in Honduism,the moral religious duties that are expected of an individual
- appeasemenet
- policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace.
- apprentice
- young person who is learning a trade from a master
- Apartheid
- South African government policy calling for seperation of the races.
- enlightened despot
- absolute ruler who used royal power to reform society
- collective
- large farms owned and operated by workers as a group
- empire
- group of states or territories governed by one ruler
- aristocracy
- a government ruled by an upper class
- conquistador
- name, meaning "conquerer," for certain explorers of the 1500's and 1600's
- Computer Revolution
- great increase in the use of computers
- contras
- counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas
- Green Revolution
- development of new varieties of plants and improved agriculture techniques that resulted in greatly increased crop yields
- Bataan Death March
- forced march of Allied prisoners of Japanese during World War II
- diaspora
- a scattering of people, as when the Jewish people were forced to leave their homeland in Palestine
- Enlightenment
- the period in the 1700's in which people rejected traditional ideas an supported belief in human reason
- armistice
- agreement to end fighting
- bubonic plague
- a contagious disease that devastated the world in the 1300's
- genetic engineering
- process of changing the chemical codes carried by living things to produce cures for disease, better drugs, and so on
- Agrarian Revolution
- change in farming methods in the 1600's that improved the quality and quantity of farm products.
- Boxer Rebellion
- event in 1900 in which a group known as Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China
- Anti-Semitism
- prejudice against Jews
- fossil fuels
- fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
- Arabic Numeral
- type of numeral first developed in India and used by many western countries today (1,2,3, etc.)
- feudalism
- system of government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service and other support to a greater lord
- Declaration of Independence
- documented by Thomas Jefferson that declared American independence from Britian
- AIDS
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- greenhouse effect
- process in which excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps heat and causes rising global temperatures
- coup d'etat
- a revolt by a small group intended to overthrow a government
- humanism
- intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones
- dynamo
- mechanism that generates electricity; generator
- excommunicate
- to exclude from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church laws
- five-year plan
- one of a series of plans instituted by Joseph Stalin to build industry and increase output in the Soviet Union
- command economy
- economy in which government officials make all basic economic decisions
- dynasty
- ruling family
- balance of trade
- difference between how much a country imports and how much a country exports.
- factory
- place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods
- agribusiness
- large commercial farm owned by multinational corporation
- bushido
- code of conduct for samurai during feudal period in Japan
- capitalism
- economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
- calligraphy
- fine handwriting
- detente
- period in the 1970's during which there was an easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union
- asylum
- protection from arrest or from being returned to a dangerous place from which one fled
- brahman
- single unifying spirit of Hindu belief
- civilization
- community characterized by elements such as a system of writing, development of social classes, and cities
- Bolshevik
- member of 1917 Russian revolutionary group
- bible
- sacred scriptures of Christianity
- fascism
- the rule of people by a dictatorial government that is nationalistic and imperialistic
- hijra
- Muhammmad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622: also spelled hegira
- Gothic
- style of European church architecture characterized by pointed arches and flying buttresses
- Holocaust
- act of genocide by the Nazis during World War II in which more than 6 million Jews died
- Holy Land
- Palestine, a land holy to Jews, Christains, and Muslims
- Crusades
- series of religous wars fought between Christians and Muslims from the late 1000's to the mid-1200's.
- haiku
- form of Japanese poetry that expresses a feeling, thought, or idea in three lines
- chivalry
- the code of conduct followed by knights during the Middle Ages
- African National Congress
- group formed by opponents to apartheid in South Africa that encouraged political activism by blacks.
- European Union
- expansion of the European Community in the 1980's and 1990's; sometimes abbreviated EU
- clone
- exact genetic replica
- conservatism
- set of beliefs held by those who want to preserve traditional ways
- European Commmunity
- group of nations established in 1957 to expand free trade in Europe; also called Common Market
- imperialism
- domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
- decimal system
- number sysytem based on ten
- encomienda
- system created by Spanish government in the Americas allowing colonist to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans
- astrolabe
- instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars.
- bureaucracy
- system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
- Cold War
- continuing state of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945 because of differences in political and economic philosophies
- concentration camp
- detention centers institued by Adolf Hitler where Jews and others were starved, shot, or gassed to death
- common law
- uniform system of justice, developed in England, based on court decisions that became accepted legal principles
- Estaes General
- a French legislative body made up of clergy, nobles, and common people, such as businesspeople and peasants
- animism
- the belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit.
- Allied powers
- world war I alliance of Britian, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.
- Czar
- term for autocratic ruler of Russia, Russian word for "Caesar"
- commune
- community of people who live and work together and hold property in common
- genocide
- attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group
- containment
- Cold War policy that involved limiting communism to areas already under Soviet control
- cartographer
- map maker
- cuneifrom
- wedge-shaped writing formed by pressing a penlike instrument into clay
- gentry
- weathy landowning class
- direct democracy
- system of government in which citizens participate directly rather than through elected representatives
- ethnic cleansing
- policy of forcibly removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group
- Guomingdang
- Chinese nationalist party formed by Sun Yixian
- icon
- holy image of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or a saint of the Orthodox Christian Church
- enclosure
- process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers
- commercial revolution
- the business revolution that occurred in Europe after the Middle Ages
- caudillo
- military dictator in Latin America
- desertification
- the changeover of arable land into desert
- English bill of Rights
- a set of acts passed by parliment to ensure its superiority over the monarchy and guarantee certain rights to citizens
- divine right
- belilef that a ruler's authority comes directly from God
- desaparecidos
- word meaning "the dissapeared ones," used to describe the thousands of people in Argentina who dissapeared during the dirty war
- Boer War
- war occurring from 1989 to 1902 between the British and the Boers, Dutch farmers; it began after the British tried to annex the Boer republics.
- Cultural Revolution
- program launched in 1966by Moa Zedong to renew loyalty to communismand purge China of nonrevolutionary tendencies.
- Common Market
- see european community
- Heliocentric
- sun-centered
- daimyo
- in feudal Japan, warrior lords who held a place below the shogun
- balance of power
- distribution of political and economic power that prevents and one nation from becoming to strong.
- autocrat
- a single ruler with complete authority
- cartel
- an association of business people; used to refer to the criminal gangs that produce and smuggle drugs internationaly.