TAMU Custer ANT Test 2
Terms
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- ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY
- Subdiscipline of anthropology that cofuses on subsistence strategies and econmic systems
- SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS
- Methods of obtaining food using available land and resources, available labor and energy, and technology.
- FORAGERS
- Peoples whose subsistence pattern is hunting and gathering
- FOOD PRODUCERS
- Users of a substinence strategy that transforms and manages the environment in order to obtain food.
- PASTORALISM
- A subsistence strategy focusing on raising and caring for large herds of domesticated animals
- HORTICULTURE
- A subsistence strategy focusing on intensive farming, investing a great deal of time, energy, and technology
- CARRYING CAPACITY
- The number of people who can be sustained by the resources and environment in which they live
- SETTLEMENT PATTERN
- The way people distribute themsevles in their environment, including where they lovate their dwellings, how they group dwellings into settlements, and how permanent or transitory those settlements are.
- RECIPROCITY
- Principles of mutual gift giving
- REDISTRIBUTION
- The gathering together and then reallocaiton of food and resources to ensure everyones survival.
- LEVELING MECHANISMS
- Cultural practices designed to equalize access to food, resources, and social prestige through a community so that no one individual can amass greater wealth or greater prestige than other people
- NOMADS
- People who do not have permanent homes but trave to sources of food as they food becomes seasonably available
- OPTIMAL FORAGIN THEORY
- Application of animal studies and decision theory to human foraging
- TRANSHUMANCE
- The practice among pastoralists of moving to new pastureland on a seasonal basis
- SURPLUS
- Food and other goods that are produced at a level greater then that needed for survival
- SEDENTARY COMMUNITES
- Settlement pattern involving long-term, permanent settlements
- SLASH-AND-BURN CULTIVATION
- A farming technique for preparing new fields by cutting down tress and bushes and then brining them in order to clear the land enrich the soil with nutrients
- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
- Application of technology and intensive labor to farming, such as the plow and irrigation
- INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE
- Application of industrial technology and chemicals to farming in order to increase productivity
- CONSUMPTION
- The use of subsistence resources, iuncluding outcomes of production
- ECONOMIC SYSTEM
- Cultural methods of allocaiton natural resources, the means of exploiting the resources through technology, the organization of work, and the production, distribution, consumption, and exchange of goods and services
- PRODUCTION
- System of extracting resources and utilizing labor and technology in order to obtains foods, goods, and services
- SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR
- System of allocating work in which different people perform different tasks
- GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY
- The exchange of goods and services without keeping track of their exact vaule, but often with the expectation that their value will balance out over time.
- BALANCED RECIPROCITY
- Exchange of goods and services of a specified value at a specified time and place.
- POTLATCH
- Ceremonial feast, characteristic of indigenous Pacific Northwest coast societies, during whcih hosts distributed to guests a great deal of food and goods that had been accumulated over many mouths or years
- NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY
- Exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit
- BARTER
- An exchange of products in which one person gives one type of product in exchange for another type of product
- REDISTRIBUTE NETWORKS
- Economic systems in which food and other goods are amssed by an organizer and then distributed to community members or guests at large public gatherings
- TRADE
- System of exchange in which goods are exchanged for either other goods or for money.
- MARKET ECONOMY
- Economic system in which products are traded in impersonal exchanges between buyers and sellers using an all-purpose currency
- COMMODITY
- A product that can be sold or traded in return for money or other products
- CAPITALISM
- An economic mode of production in wich the goal is to ammas wealth in the form of money in order to gain control over the means of production and then use this control to accumulate ven greater wealth
- CAPITAL
- Land, money, factories, and the liek that suport and supply the materials needed for production
- SURPLUS VALUE
- The amount of value produced by workers in capitalist than the wage paid to him
- COLONIALISM
- Policies in which countries establish colonies in distant places in order to exploit their resources and labor and possibly to establish settlements of their own citizens abroad
- MISSION SYSTEM
- Pattern of Spanish colonization of the Americas in the name of the Roman Catholic Church
- POLL TAXES
- Taxes levied on households
- INDUSTRIALISM
- The use of machines to produce products and foods
- CONSUMERISM
- Culture of consumption of goods and services
- KINSHIP SYSTEM
- System of determining who one's relatives are and what one's relationship is to them.
- CONSANGUINES
- People related by blood.
- AFFINES
- People related through marriage
- FICTIVE KIN
- Unrelated individuals who are regarded and treated as relatives
- RULES OF DESCENT
- Social rules that stiupate the nature of relationships from one generation to another
- BILATERAL DESCENT
- Principle of descent in which people think of themselves related to both their mother's kina dn their father's kin at the same time
- UNILINEAL DESCENT
- Principle of descent in whcih people define themselves in relation to only one side, either thei mother's side or their father's side
- KINDRED
- Kinship group consisting of known bilateral relatives with wom people interact, socialize, and rely on for econmic emotional assistance
- MATRILINEAL
- Descent system in which kinshp group membership and inheritence pass through the female line
- PATRILINEAL
- Descent system in which kinship group membership and inheritence pass through the male line
- PATRIARCHY
- Social system in which men occupy positions of social, economic, and political power from which women are excluded
- INHERITENCE RULES
- Rules for the passage of land, wealth, and other property from one generation to the next
- DOUBLE DESCENT
- Kinship principle in which people belond to kinship groups of both their mother and father
- PARALLEL DESCENT
- Kinship principle in which descent and inheritance follow gender-linked lines so that men consider themselves decended from their fathers and women consider themsevles descended from thie mothers
- AMBILINEAL DESCENT
- Principle of descent in which individuals may choose to affiliate with either their mother's or their father's kinship group.
- LINEAGE
- A set of relatives tracing descent from a known common ancestor
- EXOGAMY
- Marriage principle in which peeople cannot marry members of their own lineage or clan but instead must forge alliances with members of other groups.
- ENDOGAMY
- Marriage principle in which people marry members of their own group
- PARALLEL COUSIN
- A child of one's mother's sister or of one's father's brother
- CROSS-COUSIN
- A child of one's mother's brother or of one's father's sister
- CLANS
- Named groups of people who believe that they are relatives even though they may not be able to trace their actual relationships with all members of their group
- MATRICIANS
- Clans formed through descent and inheritence from women of the group
- PATRICIANS
- Clans formed through descent and inheritance from men of their group
- TOTEM
- An animal or plant believed by a group of people to have been their primordial ancestor or protector
- SEGMENTARY LINEAGES
- Lineages organized in a heirarchial structure, ranked according to the number of generations they encompass.
- PHRATRIES
- Groups of linked clans that are usually exogamous
- MOLETIES
- Groups of linked clans that divide a society into two halves, usually exogamous
- AVOIDANCE RELATIONSHIPS
- Patterns of behavior between certain sets of kind that demonstrate respect and social distance
- JOKING RELATIONSHIPS
- Patterns of behavior between certain sets of kin that involve reciprocal joking, teasing, and playfulness, sometimes taking the form of flirtation and sexual innuendo
- KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM
- System of terms used to address and refer to relatives
- IROQUOIS SYTEM
- Kin terms that emphasize the difference between one's parent's same sex siblings and parents' opposite-sex siblings classifying parallel cousins with one's own siblings
- ESKIMO SYSTEM
- Kin terms making distinctions between the nuclear family and all other types of relatives and on gender
- HAWAIIAN SYSTEM
- Kin terms making distinctions only of generation and gender
- CROW SYSTEM
- Kin terms used by some matrilineal peoples that extend the term for father and father's sister to include cross-cousings on the paternal side
- OMAHA SYSTEM
- Kin terms used by some patrilineal peoples that extend the term for mother and mother's brother to include cross-cousins on the maternal side
- SUDANESE SYSTEM
- Kin terms that give separate words for all kin relationships
- GENDER
- The roles that people perfrom in their households and communites and the values and attitudes that people have regarding men and women
- SEX
- Biological differences between males and females
- GENDER CONSTRUCT (GENDER MODEL)
- The set of cultural assumptions about gender roles and values and the relations between the genders that people learn as members of their societies
- CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS
- Models of behavior and attitudes that a particular culture transmits to its members
- TRANSVESTISM
- Dressing in the clothes usually worn by members of the opposite gender
- BERDACHES
- Male Two-spirits in some native american societies who adopted some of the economic and social roles of women
- TWO-SPIRITS
- In native american societies, males who adopted some of the social and econmic roles of women, and females who adopted some of the social and ecominc roles of men.
- GENDER ROLES
- Constellations of rights, duties, attitudes,and behaviors that are culturally associated with each gender
- GENDER RELATIONS
- Norms of interaction between men and women, which may reflect differences in the relative status, prestige, and power of women and men
- GENDER EQUALITY
- A constellation of behaviors attitudes, and rights that support the autonomy of both women and men.
- GENDER INEQUALITY
- The denial of autonmy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender
- MALE DOMINANCE
- A constellation of behaviors and attitudes that grant men access to roles of prestige and reqard and deny the same to women
- GENDER GAP
- The difference in wages and income earned by men and women for comparable work
- CULT OF DOMESTICITY
- Constellation of beliefs popular in the late nineteenth eand early twentieth centuries that promoted the notion that women were, by nature and biology, suited to the domestic tasks of nurturing and caring for thie husbands and children
- SOCIAL REPRODUCTION
- The care and sustenance of people who will be able to contribute productively to society
- POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
- The ways in which societies are organized to plan group activities, make decisions affecting members of the group, select leadership, and settle disputes both within the group and with other groups
- POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- The study of the ways that communites plan group actions, make decisions affecting the group, select leadership, and resolve conflicts and disputes both within the group and with other groups
- BANDS
- Small, loosely organized groups of people held together by informal means.
- SAGAMORE
- A leader of a Mi'kmaq band who had some degree of control over a small territory and had some rold in economic redistribution
- TRIBES
- Societies with some degree of fomralization of structure and leadership, including village and intervillage councils whose members regularly meet to settle disputes and plan community activities
- ASSOCIATIONS
- Sociopolitical groups that link people in a community on the bass of shared interests and skills
- AGE GRADE (AGE SET)
- A sociopolitical association of people of more or less similar age who are given specific social functions
- CONFEDERACY
- A form of political organization in which tribes and bands join together under common leadership to face an external threat
- CHIEFDOMS
- Stratified societies organized by kinship
- KINGDOM
- A centralized politcal organization with the king as the paramount leader.
- STATES
- Highly organized centralized politcal systems with a hierachcial structure of authority
- REPUBLICS
- Atate societies with elected rather than inherited leadership.
- PRIMOGENITURE
- A system of inheritence of leadership in which the eldest child (usually the eldest song) automatically inherits the position of leadership from his or her parent
- EMPIRES
- States expanded into larger units through conquest and the occupation or annexation of new territories
- SOCIAL CONTROL
- Informal and formal mechanisms in society through which peopl's actions are controlled and social norms or laws are enforced
- TERRORISM
- Acts of violence perpetrated by private citizens against a foreign country or against a foreign country withou the cover and sanction of a state declared war.
- THEOCRACIES
- Societies ruled by religious leaders, in which the social order is upheld through beliefs in its divine origin or sanction
- FACTIONALISM
- The tendency for groups to split into opposing parties over politcal issues, often a cause of violence and a treat to political unity
- POSITIVE SANTIONS
- Recognition and rewards for observing social norms
- NEGATIVE SANCTIONS
- Punishments for offending social norms
- INFORMED SANCTIONS
- Rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like
- FORMAL SANTIONS
- Rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law
- DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES
- In primate groups social hierarchies established on the basis of sex and age
- POSTCONFLICT RECONCILIATION
- Patterned behavior that occurs immediately after conflict has erupted and taken its course, to restore some measure of social harmony
- CONFLICT AVOIDANCE
- Prosocial behaviors, such as, reconciliation, consolation, politeness, or apology, to repair social relationships without aggression
- PEACEMAKERS
- Individuals with a specialized social role of preventing conflict from erupting into dangerous combat
- DEFERENCE
- Nonthreatening verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others
- POLITENESS STRATEGIES
- Behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and orecognizing another person's rights and feelings
- SONG DUETS
- Inuit contests in which conflict is expressed and resolved through public response to music
- WITCHCRAFT
- A belief system that functions as a mechanism of social control by channeling anger toward others
- VENGEANCE
- Aggresion against others based on the principle of revenge
- BLOOD FUED
- Ongoing conflict between kin groups or communites based on vengeance
- WARFARE
- Armed aggresion and hostilites between groups
- AESTHETICS
- Philosophies about what has beauty and value in art
- Art
- Artifacts of human creation created through the excercise of exceptional physical, conceptual, or imaginative skill; produced in a public medium and intended to affect the senses, sharing stylistic conventions with similar works.
- MIMETIC
- Art thar portrays the world acurately
- REPRESENTATIONAL
- Art that imitates, idealizes, or symbolizes form and experience.
- INSTRUMENTAL
- Art that attempts to have a benficial effect on society, enriching people's lives, teaching moral lessons, and providing insights for improving and changing the world
- FORMALIST
- Abstract art that focuses on the formal qualities of art - color, composition, sound, words, or movements
- SCARIFICATION
- Artistic and ritualistic scarring of the face or other parts of the body in particular designs, commonly used to mark transitions to adulthood.
- TATTOOING
- Injecting inks or dyes under the skin to produce designs
- ARTISANS
- Specialists in the production of works of art
- SANDPAINTINGS
- Paintings made by sprinkling fine, colored sand to make stylized representations of spirit beings, in particular for use in Navajo curing ceremonials
- VENUS FIGURINES
- Sculptures made in Europe about 30,000 years ago, thought to represent pregnant women.
- ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
- The study of the musical styles and traditions of a people
- ORAL LITERATURE
- Stories that people tell about their sacred past, their secular histories, and their personal lives
- FOLKTALES
- Secular stories that relate events that teach moral lessons or entertain listeners
- ETHNIC ART
- Art produced by a particular group of people that comes to express and symbolize their ethnic identity