worldhistory.
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- How did trade affect the development of ancient West Africa?
- Timbuktu, Jenne, and Mopti, were built as centers of exchange, responses to the muslim traders from North Africa
- Describe the political situation in ancient China
- kings frequently entrusted regional cities to blood relatives, had sharp class differences, and were religious centers (kings presided over rituals warfare and administration)
- list 2 differences between settlements in the Eastern and Western hemispheres
- the west was built at water's edge (but not on major water systems) hardly used any metal or animals (transport). west had no writing system
- why were the Aztecs militaristic?
- so their empire wouldn't fall like Tula
- give 2 hypotheses on the decline of the Maya
- excessive population, pressure of natural resources (agriculture) climatic changes, excessive warfare
- What dot he pyramids tell us about Egyptian politics?
- there was an astonishing amount of royal control over labor, finances, and architectual and building techniques
- Briefly describe one farming technique
- "slash-and-burn" always moving around. used "pot irrigation" canal irrigation, and "hanging gardens" aka Chinampas
- what were the accomplishments of the Middle Kingdom?
- fine arts/literature flourished, saw state develop organization and power
- What caused villages to turn into cities?
- administration, business, and transportation require some centralization. some of the villages began to house these functions. these selected villages grew into larger cities and maybe even full-fledged cities
- How did the role of the city of Tikal change over time?
- instead of being a purely religious shrine, it was now seen as a city of considerable regional political and economic significance as well.
- What is the 'Rosetta Stone'? Why is it important?
- their is an inscription of this stone that is transcribed in 3 different forms (hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek) By comparing the 3, scholars were able to decipher the ancient hieroglyphics
- What is diffusion?
- the spread of ideas, objects, or traits, from culture to another
- Why is teotihuacan important?
- it was a city that marked the beginning of a true urban revolution
- List 5 important advancements that accompanied the development of cities.
- new scale/density in human settlement, tech of stone-ccopper-iron, architecture, exchanged goods/ideas, provided new means of record
- Explain the Mandate of Heaven
- it explains why they should be considered legitimate rulers of the region. assumed a close relationship between heaven and the king, but only if the king acted in the people's interest. if the king was weak, then others could remove him. this doctrine shaped Chinese thinking on leadership for centuries
- What was the purpose of Sumerian artwork?
- it was a source of pride, defined the city's image, impressed residents, and warned enemies. provided beauty, elegance, and represented pictorially key scenes in their history
- How did humans get to the Western Hemisphere?
- from the Beringia land bridge (between Alaska and Siberia)
- List 3 significant accomplishments of the Zhou.
- the book of songs (a collection of China's earliest poetry) transformed warfare (developed the cavalry and introduced infantry troops of draft foot soldiers) expanded creatinhg a much larger state created a decentralized administration that left much power in the local hands, this contributed to their instability in the end.
- How are South American settlements different than Mesoamerican settlements?
- The pacific coast was desert, the andes (eastern) were fertile.
- while trading, what did the sumerians need? what did they produce?
- needed raw materials like wood, stone, metal (etc) produced agricultural commodities and artisan
- Which group made that giant head?
- the Olmec
- What are the 4 legacies of the Harappan civilization?
- aryan invaders were a nomadic group who adapted some of the arts of settlement/civilization from already settled groups. as newcomers to the ecological zones of india, the aryans learned farming methods from the Harappans. Aryan god shiva had 3 heads and was on seals, earlier Harappan god may have been adopted/adapted by the aryans. aryan caste system, ranked people to regulate relationships between themselves and the Harappans
- When did the first fully-developed towns appear in North America?
- in the first few hundred years C.E.
- What was the 'Code of Hammurabi'?
- A list of 282 laws written by the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi. Men were superior (check notes)
- how did the layout of Shang capitals reflect class divisions?
- to the north were the dwellings of the wealth and powerful. marked by ritual bronze vessels and sacrificial victims. tot he south were the dwellings of the commoners and their burial places in the trash pits
- How did religion affect Egyptian society?
- It gave great prominence to the political unification of the county. inspired mummification of the dead, the construction of the pyramids for the kings
- What does the uniformity and planned nature of the cities suggest about the indus government?
- that the Indus Valley had cities, but no state. the gov. had great organization and bureaucratic capacity but no truly monumental architecture. presence of temple/palace but no/little sign of social stratification.
- Which way does the Nile flow?
- North (to the Mediterranean Sea)
- How are South American settlements similar to Mesoamerican Settlements?
- constructed religious shrine centers, developed small city-states, created proto-empires, generated large, urban empires, developed trade (coast to mountains)
- What is an example of innovation?
- mesopotamia, the nile, the indus, the Huanghe, the niger
- How did political unification affect Egyptian society?
- the kings grew more powerful, gaining apposition of gods, increasing hierarchy, uneven distribution of wealth
- What was the 'Epic of Giligamesh'?
- it was the most famous of the remaining literature. it weaves together a series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh. (check comic)
- where was the first agricultural village found? Where else were early villages found? In what 'era' were they found?
- the "fertile crescent" "neolithic era"
- List 3 technological accomplishments of the Inca.
- the emplyed the mit'a system (unpaid labor for public construction) they created an abacus-like system, they had tax collectors who collected 2/3 of the crops
- how was religion used to support the political power of the priests and kings?
- the priests and kings had enormous prestige and power in the city because people believed the gods controlled their survival
- List 3 accomplishments of the Xia.
- had the first success in taming the yellow river (water control). assembled armies, built cities, cast and worked bronze into both weapons and ritual vessels, created pictograms which became china's script, and may have designed china's first calendar
- What did the Old Kingdom fall?
- central authority weakened, provincial officials asserted their powers and kept taxes for themselves, private armies rule locally, death rates increased, famine became prevalent, weak rules
- Why did humans make the shift from hunting and gathering to farming?
- population pressure and worsening climate forced people to be more productive. more people could be supported with farming
- What assumptions about Indus have changed because of new research?
- at first scholars assumed tat the Indus people learned the art of city building from the Sumerians/Mesopotatmian people, but now scholars ague that Harappa was not a derivative of Mesopotamia bu thad grown up independently. (may have a common ancestor though)
- How did the development of writing affect Sumerian culture?
- it facilitated communication, commerce, administration, religious ritual, and later the recording and transmission of literature. enabled society to enlarge
- Where is the "fertile crescent"
- by the Persian Gulf / Zagros mountains. by todays Iran or Iraq
- How did the establishment of cities change culture?
- new class hierarchies emerged, skilled negotiations, diplomatic corps, armies mobilized
- Who was Akhetaten? What did he do?
- A king who challenged the order of ancient Egypt by worshipping only 1 god (sun god)
- What is innovation?
- says similar cultural traits, techniques, or objects were invented independently
- How did geography affect Egypt agriculturally, militarily, and politically?
- the river provided natural irrigation and carried nutrient rich silt that fertilized the land. (flooding was predictable) it protected Egypt from external invasion, so it was ruled by indigenous dynasties.
- What was the Henan Longshan culture like?
- the had music, domesticated animals, crops from farmers, and they made pottery. they had a harsh culture though. it was very violent and included decapitation
- how did the technological advancement affect the politics of sumerian cities?
- organizing the canal systems required more powerful leaders than the villages expected. the council, in times of crisis, appointed a temporary single leader, but these men began to assume to position of hereditary kings
- What is the debate about Jenne-Jeno's political structure?
- Where or no Jenne-jeno had a strong-centralized government
- What difference do the cities of the nile and the indus make?
- The excavations and written records have enabled us to see religious elements, alliances between rulers and priests, extensive temple complexes and in Europe, burial complexes as well, and in both civilizations, extensive specialization of labor and social stratification.
- list 2 similarities between settlements in the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
- began as religious shrine centers and both developed into city-states with important functions in politics and trade
- Why have researchers had a hard time fully understanding the Inus Valley civilization?
- because the Indus Valley was almost entirely lost and their script is still no deciphered (no written records?)
- what was the purpose of sumerian cities?
- pioneered the world's first urban revolution, dug irrigation canals, improved roads, expanded urban development
- What differences did the first cities make?
- they facilitated increases in population, economic growth, effective organization, breakthroughs in technology, art, writing, and literature, in augoration of a rule of law, formation of a non-kin-based community w/ a sense of purpose