Aging Process Chpt 3

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TERM Define Function:: to perform ADLS in ones env and to accuratley percieve and interact with the environment
TERM Define Dysfunction:: to not be able to live like one wants; having impairments in ADL independence
TERM Primary Aging:: Normal Aging determined by ones genetic makeup, and that function is not considered impaired
What is CUPID: An acronym that gives us the criteria to determine PRIMARY AGING
What does the acronym CUPID stand for?: Cummulative
Universal
Progressive
Intrinsic
Deleterious (harmful effects)
TERM Defind SECONDARY AGING:: Abnormal changes, caused by disease process. There is impairment or dysfunction
What is the 1% rule: that at the age of 30 we start losing 1% of function per year.
SPECIFIC CHANGES: COGNITION: crystallized vs fluid intelligence, which declines quicker? what type of aging is this?: crystallized declines quicker- This is PRIMARY AGING
SPECIFIC CHANGES: COGNITION: Decline typically occurs...? what type of aging is this?: PRIMARY AGING it is gradual, ability-specific, selective, and/or global- NOT catastrophically
SPECIFIC CHANGES: COGNITION: What is catastrophic decline, and what type of aging is it?: Sudden memory loss due to illness, meds, poor nutrition, neurological infarcts. This is SECONDARY aging
SPECIFIC CHANGES: SKIN: What are PRIMARY aging chgs?: *Decreased blood supply, elasticity and resillience of collagen
*Atrophy of subcutaneous layer (loss of fat)
*Hormonal changes
SPECIFIC CHANGES: SKIN: What is the result of decreased blood supply...?: wrinkles
SPECIFIC CHANGES: SKIN: What is the result of Atrophy of the subcutaneous layer?: -hard to regulate body temp
-thin face, sunken eyes
-bruise, blotches, spots
-reddened tongue
-shrinkage of gums
-thinner, finer hair
-sparse patterns of hair growth
-slow-growing & brittle nails
-decreased ability to sweat
SPECIFIC CHANGES: SKIN: What is the result of hormonal changes?: loss of body hair for men and increased facial hair for women
SPECIFIC CHANGES: SKIN: What causes SECONDARY aging?: exposure to the sun: damages elastic fibers, cause wrinkled, dried, and tough skin textures
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Cardiovascular System: What are the 2 major PRIMARY aging changes?: Stuctural and Functional changes
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Cardiovascular System: What are Structural changes?: *Heart is stiffer/less elastic causing thickened heart valves (Make heart contraction difficult)
*Heart becomes fattier: mass and volume increase (possible artherosclerosis)
*Arteries calcify and lose elasticity (reduced stress response to activities)
*ventricles become thickened, fibrous (result in arrhythmias)
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Cardiovascular System: What are the Functional changes: *Decr max heart rate
*decr cardiac contraction
*decr vol of blood pumped
*decr in cardiac output at rest
*reduced blood supply to org
*reduced supply of oxblood (causing fatigue)
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Cardiovascular System: What is the SECONDARY aging change?: Atheroscelosis (common form of arteriosclerosis): causes HTN, MI CHF, TIA's
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Skeletal System: What are the PRIMARY aging changes?: *Reduced height
*Stiff joints, decr spinal mobility
*Decr bone mass
At what age does bone mass peak and at what rate does it erode?: 40; 5%/year
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Skeletal System: What are the SECONDARY aging changes?: Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis
What is the incidence of osteoporosis for women/men?: Women: 50% over 65
Men: 20% over 70
What are the influencing factors of bone mass?: *gender
*diet (lo calcium, hi alcohol/caffeine)
*activity (insufficient wt bearing)
*smoking
*estrogen deficiency
What is osteoarthritis?: deformed/unstable joints
Why does osteoarthritis result?: from worn cartilage and weak ligaments.
What can occur because of osteoarthritis?: subluxation or fusion of a joint
When osteoarthritis extends to weight bearing joints, what happens?: It becomes leading cause for physical disablity (more than coronary artery disease)
What is the incidence of osteoarthritis in those over >65: 50% will have impairments
What are the interventions for osteoarthritis?: -strengthening ex
-anti-inflammatory/pain meds
-modalities
(in acute no heat)
-AE
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Muscular System: What is the PRIMARY aging change?: MS mass declines from 43% (normal) to 25%
What are the results of MS mass decline: *reduced strength
*shorter-than-avg step length
*wider walking base
*slower reaction time
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Muscular System: When does SECONDARY aging changes occur?: Occurs during any acute illness that restricts mobility
At what rate is MS mass & strength reduced when immobilized (in bed)?: 5% DAILY!
For each day of bed rest, ________reconditionig is necessary.: 2 WEEKS! for EACH DAY of bed rest
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the PRIMARY aging change?: Loss in frontal, temporal occipital& parietal lobe
cerebellum
hippcampus
decline in brain weight by 5% to 17%
thickening of dura mater
excessive cerebrospinal fluid
Size reduction in brain stem & spinal cord
Loss of gray matter
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result of frontal lobe loss?: cognition, personality changes
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result of temporal lobe loss?: speech, hearing
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result of occipital lobe loss?: vision, up to 50% loss
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result of parietal lobe loss?: sensory loss up to 33%
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result cereballum loss?: balance, coordination
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the result of hippocampus loss?: memory function
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What are the SECONDARY AGING changes?: -Alzheimers
-Parkinsons
-Dementia
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: What is the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimers?: 4th leading cause of death in the US
3% of 65-74 yr olds get it
18% of 74-84 yr olds get it
47% of >85 yr olds get it
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Neurological System: How does Parkinson's rank as a degenerateive disease?: 2nd most common
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are the affects on gustatory?: -decr salivation (dry mouth)
-decr ability to taste salt and sweets (50% loss of taste buds)
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are the affects on olfactory?: Decr sensitivity to smell (40%)
Why is olfactory so important to health and/or well being?: lack of smell reduces desire to eat
and ability to smell poison gas leaks or other toxic inhalants
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are the affects on Tactile?: Reduced tactie sensation in fingetips, palms and LE
Why is tactile sensory important to health and well being?: to be able to feel cold, heat, deep pain and position (proprioception)
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are the affects on kinesthetic?: decline in perceiving chg in body position and orientation
why is it important to perceive body position or orientation?: to prevent falls
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are PRIMARY CHGS in vision?: -decr elasticity in the lens begins
-Lens clouding
-Night vision difficult
-decr visual acuity
-sensitive to glare
At what age does the decrease elasticity in the lens begin?: 40, but nealy eveyone >65
What age group is affected the most by lens clouding?: 95% of >65 yr olds
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What is a SECONDARY CHG on vision?: Cataracts (controversial if this is a primary that is an exaggerated normal aging chg, or precipitated by unprotected exposure
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are prevalences and incidences of Hearing changes?: -3rd most common chronic condition
-affects men more than women
-affects 33% of all 65-74 yr olds
-affects 75% of 75-79 yr olds
SPECIFIC CHANGES: Sensory System: What are the results of hearing chgs?: -Impaired discrimination
-impaired hi frequency
-impaired tone threshold
-decr socialization/depression
What does Impaired discrimination result in?: difficulty in word discrimination, may need to lip read
What does impaired hi frequency result in?: difficulty hearing in noisy places
What does impaired hi tone threshold result in?: Can't hear hi frequency speech, especially consonant sounds
Primary changes: Respiratory system: What are the respiratory primary changes?: resp infections
decreases ox supply
Respiratory System: What are the 4 reasons for decreased oxy supply: 1 calcification of rib cartilage
2 decline in lung tissue elasticity
3 dexline in the elasticity
of MS that support the lungs
4 reduced # of cilia
REspiratory System: What is a reason forresp infections occur?: decline in body fluid composition, which affects the body's moist mucus membranes (elder have 50% vs 80% at birth)
What are the Secondary Aging changes in Respiratory Sys?: 1 Inf caused from environmental pollutants (can cause COPD)
2 The reshaping of the thorax and reduced lung expansion due to osteoporosis and kyphosis
3 Due to poor chest MS strength, ineffective coughs can cause pneumonia and chronic bronchitis

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