Volcanoes and Earth Beginning
Terms
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- Who thought of the idea of Plate Tectonics and in what year?
- Alfred Wagener 1915
- Where were matching rock types found?
- South America and Africa
- What was the name of the "supercontinent" that was originally all continents together?
- Pangaea
- What is the name of the longest mountain range on the planet and how long is it?
- Mid-Ocean Ridge; 46,000 miles long
- What is subduction?
- the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge
- What are earthquakes?
- Vibration of the earth's crust due to the sudden release of energy typically due to slippage along a fault
- What is seismology?
- Study of measuring earthquakes
- Seismometer?
- Device used to measure earthquakes
- About how many earthquakes a year can be felt?
- 30,000 a year, 75 major ones usually in remote locations
- Where do most earthquakes occur?
-
Continent-Ocean Convergent
Ocean-Ocean Convergent
Continent-continent converg.
Transform
Divergent - What is an example of continent-ocean convergent fault line where earthquakes occur?
- West Coast and South America
- What is an example of ocean-ocean convergent fault line where earthquakes occur?
- Aceutian Islands and Japan
- What is an example of continent-continent convergent fault line where earthquakes occur?
- Turkey and Pakistan
- What is an example of Transform fault line where earthquakes occur?
- San Andreas fault
- What is an example of Divergent fault line where earthquakes occur?
- Any mid-ocean ridge
- What is the "focus" of the earthquake?
- Point on the fault where the rupture occurs
- What is the epicenter of the earthquake?
- The point on the Earth's surface ABOVE the focus
- Foreshocks
- Small quakes as stress builds along the fault (comes before the quake)
- What are the three waves of earthquakes?
-
Energy wave (Primary or compression wave)
Secondary wave (Shear wave)
Surface wave - Which wave of earthquakes is characterized by: small amplitude, travels fast through ground, through both solid and liquid, and ground motion is same direction as wave
- Energy wave or primary wave
- Which wave of earthquakes is characterized by: Slowest, knocks down buildings, and surface of waves cause damage
- Surface wave
- Which Earthquake wave is characterized by: Only travels through solids, waves are perpendicular to wave travel
- S-wave (Secondary or shear)
- Who developed the magnitude scale and in what year?
- Meralli 1902
- How does the Richter scale measure earthquakes?
- Uses aptitude of the largest seismic wave and distance to the epicenter. MEASURES UP TO 8 NO HIGHER
- How does the richter scale convert motion?
- For every 1 whole number on the scale, ground motion increases times 10
- What is the Moment Scale used for?
- "Great" earthquakes greater than or equal to 8
- What are two examples of "Great" earthquakes?
-
9.6 Chile earthquake in 1960
Good Friday earthquake 9.2 - What does the destruction of earthquakes depend on?
-
1. Type of construction of the structure
2. Type of ground the structure is built on
3. Proximity to and intensity of the quake - What is liquification?
- Loss of cohesion in unconsolidated sediments
- What is a tsunami?
- due to the vertical motion of the sea floor during an earthquake (or underwater landslide)
- As tsunamis approach shore,
- speeds slows down and height increases
- TIDAL WAVES ARE STARTED BY:
- underwater earthquakes NOT TIDES
- Three predictors of earthquakes:
-
Foreshocks
known history
known cyclicality - What is a volcano?
- A mountain made from the eruption of volcanic material (lava, rock, dust, ash) that is forced up to the surface through a crack in the crust
- How many volcanoes occur along plate boundaries or at Hot Spots?
- about 800
- What is the margin of the Pacific Ocean called?
- Ring of Fire
- Most volcanoes occur along:
-
Ocean-Continent convergent
Ocean-Ocean convergent
Divergent - What is an example of an ocean-ocean convergent volcano area?
- Andes Mountains
- What is an example of an ocean-ocean convergent volcano
- Caribbean islands, japan, Aleutian islands, Indonesia
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