Biology Chapters 7-13
Terms
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- The differences in physical appearance between males and females of some species such as ibexes and peacocks is known as _____?
- Sexual Dimorphism
- Female reproductive organs responsible for egg production are ____ while in males, the organs responsible for sperm production are _____?
- Ovaries, Testes
- In the presence of estrogen, the internal female genetalia are formed from a set of tubes known as _____?
- Mullerian Ducts
- Despite being genetically XY, people with mutated genes for testosterone receptors develop as females, a condition known as _____?
- Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)
- Steroid hormones are produced from a fatty precursor commonly found in the cell membranes known as _____?
- Cholesterol
- An occurence where paired chromosomes do not separate during meiosis and are both passed into the same genetic gamete is known as _____?
- Nondisjunction
- Trisomy 21, a condition where an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 due to a nondisjunction event, is more commonly known as _____?
- Down's Syndrome
- In Turner syndrome, nondisjunction results in an individual with the sex chromosome compliment of _____?
- XO
- In Kleinfelter syndrome, as a result of nondisjunction, an individual has a sex chromosome complementation of _____?
- XXY
- In crocodiles, sex determination is dependant upon incubation environment _____?
- Temperature
- The type of sequential sex determination where all organisms start life male and a breeding female is replaced by a male changing sex is known as _____?
- Protandry
- Life with its ability to reproduce began on this planet _____ years ago?
- 3.7 billion
- Because changes in DNA must occur in order for life to adapt and survive, there must be some errors in the process of _____?
- DNA Replication
- The greates ability to produce variation resulting from very rapid reproduction rates exist in _____ cells?
- Prokaryotic or Bacterial
- The attitude that interprets reality exclusively in terms of human values and experiences is known as _____?
- Anthropocentrism
- The attitude that attributes human motivations and characteristics to inanimate objects or animals is known as _____?
- Anthropomorphism
- For each offspring, the parent that has to invest the most energy to care for it is the _____?
- Female
- The physical differences seen between males and females in species where males are polygamous and provide no parental care is known as _____?
- Sexual Dimorphism
- Females can smell Major Histocompatability Genes (MHC) in potential mates and prefer mates with MHC genes _____ from their own?
- Different
- A set of complex behavioral traits that are embedded in the genetic program of biological organisms are known as _____?
- Fixed Action Patterns or FAPs
- Fixed action patterns are initiated by some type of _____?
- Sign Stimuli
- An example of sign stimuli initiating a fixed action pattern in sexual selection behavior is seen in the tufts of hair on the legs of male _____?
- Wolf Spiders
- In a fixed action pattern, profound physiological changes that result in expression of distinct behaviors are known as _____?
- Drive
- Once behaviors of a fixed action pattern are initiated, an entire sequence of steps will automatically occur until completed. These steps are known as a _____?
- Motor Program
- The mechanism of how an organism behaves with regards to how stimuli are received and transformed into behavioral responses is known as _____ causation.
- Proximate
- Within one hundred years the population of Japan will decline by _____?
- 50%
- Within one hundred years the population of Russia will decline by _____?
- 20%
- The environment influences population size by affecting the _____ used by the organisms?
- Reproductive Strategies
- The production of a large number of offspring by organisms in an environment with unstable resources is called _____?
- R-Selection
- _____ reproductive strategy is characterized by a low reproductive rate?
- K-Selection
- The growth in the world human population follows a path commonly observed in all living organisms called _____?
- Exponential Growth
- In 1979 the Chinese government introduced the _____ per family policy with the slogan "Late, Long, and Few?"
- One-Child
- Unmarried youth in Japan are knon as _____?
- Parasite Singles
- In a country that has excellent heathcare and abundant resources the predicted reproductive strategy is _____?
- K-Selection
- By 2050 the African population will be _____ the size of Europe's?
- Triple
- _____ is the number one cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa?
- AIDs
- When faced with a high infant mortality rate a population will use the _____ reproductive strategy?
- R-Selection
- The population of the world is predicted to be _____ in 2050?
- 9-11 Billion
- Even though the brain makes up only _____ percent of the body weight, it uses _____ percent of the body's energy supply?
- 2% 20%
- Basic functions of nerves have remained essentially unchanged for _____ million years?
- 500
- West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis are examples of diseases caused by _____?
- Arboviruses
- Research has demonstrated that the _____ is the processing center in the brain for short-term memory?
- Hippocampus
- An average human brain weighs _____?
- 3 Pounds
- The technique known as _____ can detect a constant stream of electrical signals?
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Brain imaging techniques such as _____ and _____ can easily visualize damage to different regions of the brain?
- CAT MRI
- The brain cannot survive more than a few minutes without _____ and _____?
- Oxegyn Glucose
- _____ cells are operated by a combination of electrical currents and chemical transmitters?
- Nerve
- Neurotransmitters are released into the _____ when released by the axon?
- Synaptic Cleft
- The main avenue that we use to acquire information about the external world is _____?
- Vision
- Contrary to popular belief, we do not see with our eyes, but actually with our ____?
- Brain
- 90% of all information that enters our eyes is recognized only by our _____?
- Unconciousness
- Our ability to focus our vision is dependent on muscles changing the shape of the _____?
- Lens
- Incoming images are sharply focused on the back surface of the eye known as the _____?
- Retina
- To cushion it against external pressure and shock, the eye is filled with a gelatinous liquid known as the _____?
- Vitreous Humor
- The cells lining the retina that are responsible for sensing monochrome vision are known as _____ cells?
- Rod
- Visual processing is a complex process that involves up to _____ of the human brain?
- 2/3
- Almost 2/3 of all neurons in the human brain are located in the "mammalian brain," otherwise known as the _____?
- Cerebral Cortex
- Basic physiological processes such as breathing and digestion are controlled by the _____?
- Brain Stem
- The human midbrain, which is involved in the fight or flight response, is also known as the _____ brain?
- Reptilian
- The portion of the brain where visual information is processed is known as the _____?
- Visual Cortex
- The visual cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the brain?
- Occipital
- The left occipital lobe receives visual information from the _____ eye?
- Right
- Blind sight results not from the primary visual pathways involving the visual cortex but through another pathway found in the _____ brain?
- Reptilian or Midbrain
- The ability of athletes to sense other players and make passes without looking is a result of exceptional _____?
- Blind Sight
- In humans, language originates in the ______ side of the brain while motor skills originate in the _____ side?
- Left Right
- The bundle of nerve cells that carries visual information from the eye to the visual cortex is known as the _____?
- Optic Nerve
- Memory that allows us to remember a phone number just long enough to make a call is known as _____ memory?
- Short-Term
- As seen in Jeremy's case, the portion of the brain responsible for short-term memory is the _____?
- Hippocampus
- The type of memory that results from visual, auditory, or olfactory input is known as _____?
- Sensory
- Long-term memory results from a process known as LTP, which stands for ______?
- Long Term Potentiation
- Long-term memory is stored in the columns of neurons found in the ______?
- Cerebral Cortex
- THe part of the brain responsible for integrating short-term memory and long-term memory is the _____ lobe?
- Frontal
- The type of memory that we have conscious awareness of accessing is known as _____ memory?
- Declarative or Explicit
- The type of declarative memory that is associated with words and numbers is known as _____ memory?
- Semantic
- The type of declarative memory that is associated with emotion and sensation is known as _____ memory?
- Episodic or Autobiographical
- The type of memory that is acquired and recalled subconsciouly is known as _____ memory?
- Procedural or Implicit
- Procedural memory is usually associated with motor activities and is acquired through ______ of an activity?
- Repetition
- In the early to mid 1900's, people with mental illness were given a treatment where their frontal lobes were destroyed, a procedure known as prefrontal _____?
- Lobotomy
- The large hippocampi found in London cab drivers are indicators of better than average _____ memory?
- Visual/Spatial
- As seen in the case of Bill the lawyer, the ability to think ahead and and predict consequences of one's actions exists in the _____ lobe of the brain?
- Frontal
- The adding on to animal brains during evolution has resulted in the _____ nature of the human brain?
- Modular
- Sensory memory generally lasts for less than _____?
- One Second
- If not processed further into long-term memory, short- term memory only lasts for a few _____?
- Minutes
- In the 1950's, the drug ______ was developed to help allergies but was found to have a profound effect on people with psychotic diseases?
- Chloropromazine, thorazine
- ______ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat patients with severe depression who fail to respond to all other treatments?
- Electroconvulsive
- ______ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows?
- Manic Depression
- During a depressive epidsode, the production of the neurotransmitter _____ is deficient?
- Seratonin
- During a manic depression low episode, the production of the neurotranmitter _____ is deficient?
- Seratonin
- _____ a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse?
- Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs
- Alzheimer's disease results from the accumulation of protein aggregates in the _____?
- Hippocampus
- The brains of Alzheimer's patients have characteristic _____ plaques and _____, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death?
- Amyloid, Protein Fibrils