Middle Eastern History 2
Terms
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- Akbar
- 1556-1605. Mughal Empire. Rajasthan remained under Hindu lords. East controlled by tributary tribes. Stat controlled by political/ military elite. Hindus form 20% of arsitocracy.
- al-Ghazzali
- His though is framed by the chaos of the twelf century.
- Al-Mansur al-Hallaj
- 922 Symbolic of antagonistic relationship with secular power. Hung at the Abbasid court for saying he was "god"(truth).
- Aq-qoyunlu
- Defeated by Murshid-i Kamil. Turks and Ozbeg Turks in Khurasan
- Aurangzeb
- 1658-1707 Akbars son. reputation for personal piety. member of Naqshbandi order. student of Islam.reversed policy of religious tolerance. 1659 forbade drinking, gambling, prostitution, opium. 1659 mission to sharif of Mecca. 1657-61 recognized by Imam al
- Battle of Ayn Jalut
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1260
Mamluks (turkish slave army) defeat Mongols.
Marks the end of Mongol encroachment in Syria.
- Battle of Kosovo
- 1389 Est Ottomans in the Bulkens
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Battle of Lepanto
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1571
Cervantes(Spain, Venice, and Genoa)
Ottomans take over
- Battle of Panipat
- Babur defeats Sultan Ibrahim Lodi in 1526.
- Batu
-
son of Jochi.
Founder of Golden Horde.
- Bohras
- Shiite Ismailis
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Celali Revolts
-
Decommissioned peasant troops(armed peasantry) defeatimperial soldiers
- Chagatai
- Empire in Central Asia. Chingiz Khans successors/sons after 1227
- Chingiz Khan
- 1206-1227 Universal Khan, tribal leader. 1209-Monguls invaded China(Beijing 1215).
- Devshirme
- Formal Collection of Children
- Hulegu
-
Brother of Mongke.
1243- Given control of Iran.
1258- takes Baghdad.
- Humayun
- 1530-1556 Mughal Empire. loses punjab to brother. 1537 Sher Khan Sur conquers Bengal. 1539 Sher Khan Sur deposes Humayun. 1553 Th Sur domain is divided among sons. 1555 Humayun retakes Delhi.
- Ibn Arabi
- 1240 Unity of Being The Mccan Revelations(All reality is a manifestation of God). Mecca is the branch between two realms(God and materials)
- Ijmaa
- Consensus Four major legal scholars
- Ijtihad
- Independent judgement
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Ilkhaid Dynasty
-
1255-1353
Founded by Hulegu descendants.
Post Mongol Recovery.
Continuation of iqtaa(or tuyul in Iran).Final conversion of Mongols from Buddhism to Islam.
- Ilm al Hadith
- Science of Hadith(words and deeds of the Prophet)
- Iltizam
-
Tax farming
- Isfahan
- 1598 Site of royal patronage. creation of royal bazaars(markets). population transfers. (Commerce and trade) royal monopoly on trade. royal factories est. armenian christian merchants as middlemen. British support of trade. British assisst Shah against Po
- Isnad
- Chain of transmission
- Janissary
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Palace Service(Cultural Refinement)
Challenging Education
-
Jochi
-
Chingiz Khans successors/sons 1227.
Sent West to Batu and Golden Horde.
- Khwarazam Shah
- Kills Mongol merchants and envoys in Transoxania.
-
Kubilai
-
Kubla Khan.
Rise in 1259.
- Madad-i Ma'ash
- Mughal land grants
- Mansabdar system
- Ranking Zat(how much money you make) and Sawar(How many people you bring at a time of war)
- Mehmed II The conqueror
- 1451-1481 1453-conquered constantinople(Istanbul as capital city). 1456-Trabzon conquered 1463-1479(Ottoman-venetian war)
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Millet System
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Self governance in each community.
Justice system, jizya, representative for each community.
- Mongke
-
1241 Becomes great Khan.
1243 Defeats Rum Seljuqs.
- Muhammad b Tughlug
- 1320-1413 Delhi Sultanate. Cultivated ties with Hindu community(Hindus in miltary, celebration of local festivities, permitted the construction of Hindu temples). Fostered Islamic Identity(supporter of sunni orthodoxy, emphasized identity as muslim ghaz
- Mutazilite
- Reason. Free Will. The caliph Ma'mun 833
- Ogedai
- Becomes Great Khan in Mongolia and China. Chingiz Khans successors/sons after 1227
- Osman
- 1281-1324 Ottoman. Son of Ertgrul. 1326 the capture of Bursa. 1345 capture of Gallpolli.
- Qiyas
- 10th Century Analogy Ijtihad and Mujtihad(one capable of exercising Ijtihad)
- Qizilbash
- Redheads(headgear). Safavid army.
- Safavid Dynasty
- Shaykh Safi al-Din(1252-1334) Sadr al Din(son)(1334-91) (Sunni Sufi religious leaders) Political Movement(Military) Attracted peasants artisians, tribal chiefs. Married into Turkish Uymaqs.Recruited from peasants and turkish tribes. Qizilbas(redheads)
- Selim The Grim
- 1515-1520 1514- Battle of Chaldiran(Safavids are defeated). 1516-17; defeats the mamluks in Syria, Egypt, and the ijaz. 1517 Ottomans take Sawakin, Aden, Yemen.
- Shah Abbas
- The Great(1588-1629) Stabilizes eastern frontier. defeats ottoman army in west by 1607. Hormuz taken from the portugese in 1622(British Aid).Creation of slave army- ghulam- christian slaves. Rise of slave soldiers(salaried)
- Shah Ismail
- 1487-1524 Safavid Dynasty. Claimed descent from 7th imam, reincarnation of Ali. Declare himself Shah in Tabriz(1501). Defeated Aq-qoyunlu. Defeated by Ottomans(Chaldiran 1514)
- Shaykh Safi al- Din
- 1252-1334 Safavid Dynasty. Sunni Sufi religious leader. Preached against domination of Uymaqs.
- Sipahis
- Cavalry. free born muslims. administrative and military duties.
- Sufism
- An esoteric path to know God An attempt to know ultimate reality/God.Part of Christian gnostic heritage. Often critique of royal culture and secualr power. Sufi orders in all pars of the Muslim world by 10th Century. Sufism readily adopted from Christian
- Suleyman the Lawgiver the magnificent
- 1520-1566 1521-captured Belgrade. 1522-captured Rhodes 1529/1532 Beseiged vienna. conquest of north africa. codification of ottoman Kanun(law code nect to islamic law)
- Timar system
- form of salary. Iltizam-tax farming.
- Timur Ling
- Tamerlane 1336-1405
- Timurid Dynasty
-
1370-
Timur Ling or Tamerlane(1336-1405).
Claims succesion of Chagatai line in Samarqand.
Extent of conquests(Iran, Russia, North India,Ottoman Turkey, Damascus).
Fragmentation after Timur's death.
- Treaty of Karlowitz
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1699
Ottomans lose European countries of the empire
- Tuyul
-
Iranian land grant
- Uymaqq
- Turkick Military order
- Zahir al-Din Muhamma Babur
- 1526-1530 Mughal empire. Descendant o timur and chingiz khan.based in Farghanah valley in Afghanistan. 1526 Battle of Paniat defeats Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. Est himself in Delhi.
- Zamindar
- Old hereditary land owners dominated in country side during the Mughal empire.