Anthropolgy Essays for Final Exam
Terms
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- Core
- The core is the dominant position in the world system that includes the strongest and most powerful nations. It has many sophisticated technologies and mechanized productions that produce products that flow to other cores.
- Periphery
- The periphery are nations less with less power, wealth and influence than the core has. The periphery is less mechanized and produces raw materials, agricultural commodities and increasing human labor for export to the core.
- Proletarianization
- The separation of workers from the means of production
- Green Revolution
- The green revolution is a revolution in which new crops are created along with chemical fertilizers, pesticides and new cultivation techniques. The revolution helped to increase the world’s food supply and thus improve the diets and living conditions of victims of poverty, particularly in land-scarce, overcrowded regions. Wheat and rice doubled or tripled supplies in many Third World countries.
- Equity
- Equity is the even distribution of money, property and goods. Increased equity is reduced poverty and a move even distribution of wealth.
- Overinnovation
- Overinnovation is the idea of too much change in the daily lives of individuals; this is a general fallacy because people generally modify their lives enough to continue doing what they usually do.
- Underdifferentiation
- The fallacy of underdifferentiation is the tendency to view “the less developed countries†as more alike than they are. This is ignoring cultural diversity and treating individuals in different cultures in generally the same way.
- Hegemony
- hegemony is a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing values and accepting its “naturalness†of domination.
- culture of consumption
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The transitional force of culture of consumption is finance. Countries today are looking beyond their borders to invest in other countries and many countries depend on labor that resides in another place or they come from another place in order to work. Culture of consumption is driven by flows of people, technology, finance, information, and ideology.
⬢ A cultural consumption is a society that has a belief system that is ordered to increasing consumption per capita over time - Image of Limited Good
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There isn’t enough to go around for everyone to have everything.
The only way to get ahead was to acquire more land and the only way to do that is to get it from someone else.
Peasants view the acquisition of wealth as a negative thing, antisocial by limiting the wealth of others - Cargo System
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Fiestas during certain times of the year for religious purposes
huge financial strain
those financially better off sponsor the festival - Future Shock
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the idea presented by Toffler in his book that there is too much change in such a short amount of time that we cannot keep up
overchoice - Generation Gap
- The difference between two generations of a technological age in which the younger generation understands new technology better than the older generation.
- Cowboy Economy
- There is always a new frontier and way in which to produce more wealth than before.
- Spaceman Economy
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o If the earth is like a spaceship, our burning of fossil fuels is like smoking big cigars in the shuttle, then we are damaging the atmosphere.
There is only so much we can explore and so much we can invent.
We cannot overpopulate - levelling mechanism
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a societal obligation compelling a family to redistribute goods so that non one accumulates more wealth than another.
cargo system, evil eye and witch craft and treasure tales - acculturation
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DESTRUCTION
Acculturation is the modification of the culture of a group or individual as a result of contact with a different culture. - peasants
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mainly farmers and working to produce their own food
generally the poorer in social status
use little technology
based on labor intensive work
culturally traditional subsistence oriented villagers
peasant cultures (according to foster) tend to be organized around an image of limited good, discourage the acquistion of wealth - Positivism
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19th century Social Philosophy
the possibility of progreee as a result of applying science to the solving of human problems - Synthetic Culture
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Based on advertising and consumer goods
It develops when the amount and rates of change force people or a community to give up tradition in favor of inventing their life, ways, and customs as they go along.
A culture that is consciously made up as it goes along - Cargo Cult
- religious cults that develop in response to colonialism in the islands of Melanesis believeing that the wealth of european colonials can be obtained through magic
- Syncretism
- takes place whenever the culture of two peopples are blended, especially when a local religion adopts selective beliefs and practices from a religion of a more powerful colonizer
- evolution
- species arose from others through a long and gradual process of transformation (descent with modification)
- Natural Selection
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the process by which nature selects forms most fit to survive and reproduce
PHENOTYPE
Based on surplus population, variability in inherited characteristics, competition - Descent with Modification
- changes in gene frequency related to adaptation
- Darwinian Fitness
- a measure of how good we are at surviving and reproducing
- Taung Child
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Dart found in 1927
1/2 of a child's enocradnial cast
deciduous teeth
centered framen magnum
Australopithecus africanus
(2-2.5 mya)
SOUTH AFRICA - Lucy
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Johanson
Ethiopia
(3.4-3.2 mya)
Almost the whole fossil
skull fragmented
female, modern human pelvis, 4.5ft tall, fully erect
shortened leg bones (same length as arms)
front teeth, apelike
single cusp like apes
most apelike of all hominids
Australopithecus Afarensis - ER 1470
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Mauve Leakey
East Rudolph
700 cubic centimeter brain
refuted single species hypothesis, robustus did not lead to homo genus
Called homo habillis until 90's when it changed to rudolfensis
1.8 mya - Piltdown
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Charles Dawson 1911
gravel quarry near london
found skull fragments and jaw fragments (inconclusive to match)
no chin
brain capacity within human range
thickness of bone similar to humans (both abnormal for homo erectus)
Eoanthropus dawsonii
1950's revealed as a HOAX - Pithecanthropus
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1890's Java Island
Eugene Dubois
inconclusive brain to femur connection
found skull cap with 2x thick bone
900cc brain capacity
developed body, primitive head
part of homo erectus now - Missing Link
- according to Darwin, it was in Africa