Semester 2 exam: Infinite Journey vocab
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- extinction
- disappearance of a species and the resulting loss of genetic info from a gene pool.
- isolation and variation
- variation occurs in a species which becomes isolated. Different characteristics appear and because fo N. Selection, the best characteristics a passed on. Isolated species become a new species
- Kingdom
- group of Phyla with similiar characteristics. There are five, Prokaryote, protoctista, fungi, plantae and animalia
- sexual reproduction and variation
- crossing over of chromosomes during reproduction (meiosis) can cause variation
- analogous structures
- structures that perform the same roles but have different evolutionary origins.
- binomial system of Nomenclature
- system devised by carolus Linnaues in 1735 giving organisms 2 names, genus and species name.
- singularity
- a single point of immense energy present at the time of the big bang.
- mutation and variation
- mutation is the only way new genes can be produced in a species. They add to the Gene pool and allow variation
- speciation
- the formation of new species, through variation and natural selection
- convergent evolution
- the tendency of unrelated organisms to aquire similiar structures due to environmental pressures, eg fin of dolphin and shark.
- variation
- variety within a species is important to its survival as without it, the gene pool contains one set of information relating genes. Should the environment change and select against any aspect of this species it would make it less likely to survive and could lead to extinction.
- radioactive decay
- the process of radioactive carbon slowly breaking down to a non-radioactive form
- steady state theory
- a theory which states that there was no beginning to the universe and that the universe does not change in appearance.
- fold
- a layer of rock bent into a curved shape, which occurs when rocks are under pressure from both sides
- relative dating
- rocks are laid down in layers-assume lower layers have been laid down first and are older then the above layers. If a fossil is within these layers, then by determining the age of the rock around it, it aprroximate age can be determined
- natural selection
- a process which a species gives rise to new species that has characteristics that make them better adapted for survival in a particular environment.
- Charles Darwin
- Theory of evolution is credited to him (1809-1882). He observed on th HMS beagle the world and came up with the process Natural Selection
- hunting and extinction
- hunting for meat, hide, hornes, feathers, eggs or for threatening domesticated animals causes extinction
- fossil record
- consists of all fossils within various layers of rock on earth
- Kingdom Prokaryote
- made up of single celled organisms such as blue gree algae, bacteria, cyanobacteria. None have a nucleus they are all prokaryotic. Can survive in variety of habitats. Some are photosynthetic, some are chemosynthetic.
- chromosomal mutation
- a change in the amount of DNA in a cell
- Theory of Plate tectonics
- suggests that the earths crust is not a single surface, and that its divided into about 30 plates, each about 120 km thick. They are moving very slowly each year
- origin of Eukaryotic cell
- complex cells over one billion years agao are thought to have capture some aerobic bacteria, overtime became mitichondria.
- classification
- enables scientists to put some order on the natural world. The grouping of living things.
- absolute dating
- calculates the amount of radioactive carbon left remaining in the fossil, possible to work out when the organism died
- selective advantage
- basis of Darwins theory, the environment changes, because of natural selection, some characteristics are favoured and the best suited survive.
- Kingdom Protoctista
- bown green algae, protozoans, moulds. Cells are eukaryotic, arranged to form multicelluar organisms. Assexual/sexual-rely on diffusion to transport materials around the body.
- gene mutation
- a change involving the information coded in the DNA strand
- eukaryotic cells
- cells that have a nucleus a nucleus with a membrane around it
- family
- group of genera with similiar characteristics
- class
- group of orders with sim. characteristics
- mtDNA
- the genetic instructions or genome in mitochondria. Passed down olnly maternally
- migration and variation
- when a species migrate they incorporate into themselves adaptions to the new environment, bring new variations into population.
- mitichondrial eve
- a single ancient women whom all modern humans inherited their mtDNA from. Born approx. 200000 BC in Africa, genetic mother to all humans
- gene pool
- all the genetic information for a particular species
- gondwana
- one of the continents formed when Pangaea broke up. Part of it became Australia
- prokaryotic cells
- cells that do not have nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, eg bacteria
- explanation for species changing when they separate
- their environment changes and therefor the requirements for survival change. They slowly adapt and show variation in their characteristics, with these strongest being passed down
- sediment
- the matter that settles at the bottom of a liquid that has been deposited by some natural process.
- Pangaea
- A giant land mass that comprises of all the land, existed 200 million years ago.
- genus
- group of species with similiar characteristics.
- evidence supporting Big Bang theory
- -the red shift provides evidence for an expanding universe. -the elements hydrogen and helium,- the afterglow.
- Kingdom Plantae
- multicelluar, eukaryotic cell surrounded by cell membrane and additional cell wall. Most possess vacuoles and some have chloroplasts. Use photosynthesis, most are autotrophs
- deforestationa and extinction
- rainforests provide a home to a large number of the worlds species, at least 60000 in the amazon alone. It has removed half of the worlds forests, leaving hardly any habitat and extinction occurs.
- fossil
- evidence of past life. Can be parts of an organism such as its bone, teeth, feathers, scales, branches or leaves.
- Full classification of Humans
- K-Animalia, P-chordata, C-mammalia, O-Primates, F- hominidae, G-homo, S-sapiens. Homo sapiens
- artificial selection
- human mimicked process of natural selection to give certain desired characteristics to a population eg. horse breeder
- order
- groups of family with sim. characteristics
- Laurasia
- other supercontinent formed when pangaea broke up
- Big Bang theory
- a theory which states that the universe began about 15 billion years ago with the explosive expansion of a singularity.
- Doppler Effect
- observed change in the frequency of a wave when the wave source and observer are moving in relation to each other.
- red Shift
- shift of lines of a spectral pattern towards the red end when the source is moving away from the observer.
- phylum
- groups of classes with similiar characteristics
- biodiversity
- genetic:variation in the genes of many different species on earth. Ecological: variation in the many different communities and environments on earth. Species: variation in the many different species on earth
- Kingdom Animalia
- all members have eukaryotic cells arranged to form multicelluar organism. Cells have cell membrane, gain nutrition mostly by eating other organisms
- species
- a group of animals with many features in common. Members can mate with each other and produce fertile youn under natural conditions
- DNA hybridisation
- technique that is used to compare the DNA of different species to determine how closely related they are.
- introduced species and extinction
- such as rabbits-hunt for food and living space against native species. competition
- fault
- a break in a rock structure causing a sliding movement of the rocks along the break.
- Survival of the Fittest
- Natural Selection eliminates species of individuals over time, that are less equipped to survive because they cannot reproduce and pass on genes, ensuring that in a species only the stronger characteristics are passed on, leaving the fittest better able to survive in their environement. v
- homologous structures
- anatomical signs of evolution such as the forearm of mammals. Body structures that perform a different function but have similiar basic structures.
- Blue Shift
- shift of lines in a spectral pattern towards the blue end when a light source is moving rapidly towards the observer.
- Kingdom Fungi
- have eukaryotic cells in multicelluar bacteria. Stregthened cell walls made of cellulose and are non motile. Do not photosynthesise, obtain nutrients by absorbing from other substances.