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History 101 Terms

Terms

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Israelites
built the first civilization which still exists today in its original form; carried on cultural ideals, carried on cultural ideals, Established Urban culture, The Torah- Judaism equivalent to the Bible
Tetrarchy
=4 man rule; divided into East and West with 2 rulers in each region: 1. Augustus (Emperor) 2. Caesar ("Vice" Emperor); when Augusti step down, Caesars step up; supposed to cut down on rebellions but unsuccessful; civil war broke out AS SOON as Diocletian stepped down
Parthenon
built by Pericles to expand the wealth and splendor of Greece
Burrus
one of Nero's most influential advisors in early years--head of palace guards
An
god of sky and heavens
Opis
ancient Babylonian city-In September 331 BCE, Macedonian Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia at the Battle of Gaugamela, and probably took possession of Opis about the same time as Babylon
Praetor
367BC; 1/yr--1 yr term; elected by C.A.; in 242BC--2nd praetor position created; legal position--justice and law
Censor
443 BC; 2--1 1/2; elected by C.A.; in charge of Census; control the list of voting men
"Crossing the Rubicon"
warned not to cross the Rubicon without disbanning the army (considered Treason) does anyway and names himself Master of the City and Dictator for Life after reaching the City of Rome (50, 49BC)
Crete
birthplace of Zeus; 2600-1200 BC; center of the Minoan civilization
Minoans
island people, culture developed individually. (Ancestors to Greek culture. built the Great Palace of Minos took several centuries to build indoor plumbing very sophisticated, immensely wealthy because of trade. Trade grapes wine olives olive oil 1550-1400 B.C. peak of Minoan civilization. Greeks also inherit religion from the Minoan culture. Zeus, Athena- Minoan goddess first.)
Marc Antony
83-30BC; politician and general; first cousin once removed from Caesar; he and Octavian formed 2nd Triumverant but broke apart after disagreement; defeated by Octavian at Battle of Actium; committed suicide
Polis
city/state 800 BC
Phalanx
military formation--8x8 soldiers
Consul
509BC; 2/yr--1 yr term; shared power=veto power over one another; elected by Centurian Assembly; most prestigious office; interpretted the gods, serve as generals in the army, diplomats
Quaestor
477BC; 2/yr--1 yr term; elected by C.A., patricians only; over time 2 more/yr=4 total/yr: 2, Rome & 2, army; handle all financial needs of the state
Athens
50,000 populants- opposed to ostentatious living; wealthy ppl do not "show off their wealth"; (683 BC) Athenians overthrow king and replace with a new council
Homer
750 B.C. author of the Illiad and The Odyssey
Thales
(d.546 B.C.) first great philosopher ("believes water is a substance that makes up everything" this was a PEAK in philosophic beliefs)
Timocracy
developed in 590 BC -government in which participation is based on income and honor. Solon -elected to the council of Archons and outlaws debt slavery; -all slaves are free- and do not have to pay debt; -creates new social classes/not meant to be permanent
King Hammurabi
developed the first codified legal system, a system of retribution very detailed list of punishments. (An 'eye for an eye"; Nobles the upper class could get away with the most; Farmers could get away with some; Slaves could get away with nothing; The code had special sympathy for women a woman could divorce and retrieve her dowry. This law showed great authority of government.)
Equestrian Bills
a
Tribune of the Plebians
mid 5th century; after refusal to march in war--patricians gave plebians the right to elect their own representatives; starts with 1 year---eventually 10; elected by Tribal Assembly
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. As narrated in The Illiad and The Odyssey
Phoenicia
Phonecians lived in Palestine before the Israelites as well, Phoenician Alphabet created- helped the Israelites expand trade due to increased communication thanks to the alphabet, All western modern alphabets stem from the Phoenician alphabet
Palestine
Israel's homeland located on the Eastern Coast of the Mediterrean
Lares
household gods
Octavian Augustus
63BC-14AD; 19 yrs old when he came into power; inherited 75% of Caesar's wealth & gets his name: always uses his name, buys allies & armies, uses Marc A.'s errors against him, great leader; once he came into power he 1. understands some people don't like him or Caesar & miss the Republic--so he keeps that in existence w/out power 2. does not call himself emperor but 1st Citizen 3. Did not live like an emperor 4. Appeals to the people's need for peace 5. Charismatic & good leader; Emperor worship (Persian-Eastern portion); Senate chose his successor
Latifundia
large farms similar to Southern plantations
Julius Caesar
d. 44BC; comes from oldest family in Rome; claimed Venus as a relative; in 69BC wins Consul; 50, 49 BC "Master of the City" & "Dictator for Life";DOES: have a son with Cleopatra; create Julian Calendar (365 days a yr); lead a rebuilding program (Senate House); gold coinage; colonize; rebuild roads; free grain to the poor; create systematic legal system
Archimedes
a
Cincinatus
(519-430 BC) Roman political figure sometimes served as dictator; given temporary power during troubles; when troubles were over he went back to his farm
Mesopotamia
First time a society was settled with stable people working together to basically survive. (Once settled, rulers were set up. By 3,000 B.C. 25,000 populists. First real city. Social Structure- Highly hierarchal, all cities ruled by Kings. Kings Nobles Priests (high class/very few) Farmers and Slaves(lower class high population) Priests prayed to the gods for the people, the people had nothing to do with the religion, they only worked. Polytheistic very knowledgeable about everything.)
Enki
god of water, creativity
Democracy
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of the state.
Hellenism
is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. It is mainly used to describe the spread of Hellenistic civilization during the Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great of Macedon. The result of Hellenization, elements of Greek origin combined in various forms and degrees with local elements, is known as Hellenism.
Delian League
an association of approximately 5th-century BC Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea; three main efforts - to prepare for future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war
Helots
Bottom 50% of the population; slaves, given to individual citizens, no political rights, reason for the Crypteia
Darius
(549-486 BC) king of Persia from (522- 486 BC); attempts to take over entire Greek Empire
Ahriman
Middle Persian equivalent to the Ahura Mazda
Assembly of the Centuries
the democratic assembly of the Roman soldiers. The Century Assembly was organized as a Committee, and not as a Council. The Roman army was divided into units called "Centuries", and these gathered into the Century Assembly for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes
Pisistratus
tyrant of Athens 560-527 BC) -dates of rule, identifies with the lower class, He recognizes that he must: 1. Weaken the power of the aristocrats 2. Attempt to make lower classes aware of their own power 3. End political feudalism (groups of ppl deciding laws); What he actually achieves: 1. Creates a foreign policy for the Athenians 2. Makes Athens a sea-faring trade center 3. Builds up the state's relationship with religion
Themistocles
(524-459BC)-builds up the Greek Navy and eliminates political opponents/builds 200-300 ships and discovers silver mines
Socrates
(399 B.C.) thought moral relativism was bad. believed in moral responsibility (Athenians had become unethical). Plato's teacher. Charged with worshipping strange gods and corrupting youth(jury of 500). Was assassinated
Peloponesia
1000-700BC; large Greek city/state of the Spartans (Sparta)
Nichomachean Ethics
Ta Ethika, is a work by Aristotle on virtue and moral character which plays a prominent role in defining Aristotelian ethics. It consists of ten books based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum and were either edited by or dedicated to Aristotle's son, Nicomachus.
Alexandria(s)
cities Alexander would name after himself. Alexandria, Egypt was founded by Alexander the Great in 332 BC
Pax Romana
Roman Peace (stability) lasts 250 yrs; little military force used
Temple of Jerusalem
built by Solomon; focused as a religious focal point for worship and sacrifices
Cleopatra
VII; queen of Egypt; has son with Caesar and a love affair, also with Marc Antony
Battle of Milvian Bridge
313AD; Constantine won the civil war (lasting 2 decades) against Maxentius; significant because of Constantine's dream w/ P X (Rho Chi, a Christian symbol) affixed on top of one another and made the image his "crest"
Akitu
a holiday for the gods, only priests participated in the religious activities.
Hannibal
major figure in the Punic Wars against Rome; most famous for marching the elephants and army through the Alps; lived off the land causing devestating events
Bronze Age
When Sumarians were conquered by Acadians, this brought in innovations, end of Mesopotamians. (In 2,000 B.C. buearocracy was introduce begins to establish an "office" to the King. Rules would come from the office.)
Diarchy
two kings opposed to one: all Spartan men over 30 yrs. Able to vote, council of 30 - 28 men and 2 kings
Crypteia
Secret police force; developed due to paranoia among the Spartans because of uproars by slaves, discipline- foundation of Spartan life, physical fitness was a part of this discipline
Persia
modern day Iran (eastern, opulent, extravagant); felt everything should be under their control
Hoplites
individual soldiers; professional soldiers hired to defend the city/state----had to provide their own weapons and armor
Pericles
(d.429) leader of Athens (involved in expansion of Athenian image; worked on maintaining constitution; expanded trade; made Athens a "bully" to the other city-states; begins to democratize Athens; creates laws- both parents must be Athenians for their child to be Athenian.
Epicureanism
Epicurius developed thoughts such as: We live in a troubled world-don' worry about death- we cannot control it, so enjoy life; "withdraw from everyday problems"; maximize pleasure but live a moderate life "don't sweat the small stuff" way of thinking
Cylon
(632 BC) Athenian who attempted to take over the Acropolis and become tyrant o solve Athens social and economic problems, temporarily rules and achieves minimal change
Militiades
The Athenian leader- Militiades - (550-489BC) leads the Athenians to victory and the Persians were stopped at the battle of Marathon
Solomon
Son of David-takes over power in 920 BC; possessed great wisdom and power, Builds the temple of Jerusalem, Solomon dies in 900BC and the Israelites split in half: North- Kingdom of Israel, South- Kingdom of Judah
Ninhursaq
god of food, Earth, productivity
Plato
discussed moral philosophy " In order for us to behave, we have to know what is good and bad"
Cursos Honororum
ranking of public offices in the Roman Republic and Early Roman Empire: consul, praetor, aedile, quaestor, censor
Gaul
where Caesar leads his own military excursion after being elected Consul
Darius I
Darius I - (549-486BC) Persian Emperor - attempts to take over the entire Greek empire
Synagogue
created during the Captivity-Men would gather and pray here; First time people could worship flexibly, Rabbi's lead the synagogue
Mycenea
oldest & strongest Greek city/states; mountainous and rocky terrain; dominate the Mediterranean; 1600-1100BC--known as the Mycenean Age--->known as warriors; military prowess which led to wealth (1300 BC Lion Gate to the Palace)
Cuneiform
the original form of writing given by the Samarians.
Hippeis
horsemen, large land owners
Knossos
capitol of Crete
Sparta
(1000-700BC); war and slavery big in Sparta; Patriotism huge; 750 BC began to attack neighbors due to over-population; as a result Spartans enslaved the Myceneans; 658 BC Myceneans revolt- Spartans begin to restructure their state and build a huge army to protect against another revolt....Spartan population and class: 10% ruling class "Spartans", Qualifications to be a Spartan- 1. Must be born a Spartan 2. Belong to the Syssistion 3. Must be completely law abiding
Great Fire of Rome
64AD; rumored to have been started by Nero himself; fire starts in July & burns 3 of the 14 "districts"; marked as the first persecution of Christians in Rome bc they were the minority group; Paul & Peter were martyrs
Aristophanes
(d.385 BC) comedic playwright; Lysistrata: Dealt with actual wars, Pokes fun at politicians, Women withholding sex for the war to end
Sophocles
tragedy playwright- wrote Antigone, Oedipus Rex; "fate looms overall, one has to pay for their sins." -central theme of Oedipus Rex
Equestrians
In the early Roman Republic, one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce.
Punic Wars
a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC; blamed for the devestation of Rome; Events leading to Decline of SMALL FARMING: 1. Hannibal 2. farmers not there 3. growth of latifundia 4. slave labor 5. moving into the city
Oligarchy
rule by a few: an elite group opposed to just one King, all subject to the constitution, armies very small and elitist, other men were farmers and merchants
Aristarchus
He was the first person to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus")
Aristotle
breaks away Plato's ideals. based a lot on sciences. We can only "understand the world, by looking at the world." notions of the "order of the universe"
Herodotus
(d.425) "Father of History"; documented the Persian Wars, fated that Greeks would win the wars because the Persians were despots, wrote to understand Athen's enemies to gain a better understanding of surrounding civilizations
Carthage
800BC; began as an anchorage for ships on N coast of Africa but established itself as center of expanding Phoenecian presence in the W Mediterranean; center port for trade; by 6th Century BC proved itself center of a real empire and lasted for 3 centuries
Myceneans
very wealthy because of military prowess (opposed to trade; Inherit architectural and cultural ideals from the Minoans. )
Innana/Ishtar
goddess of fertility, sex, love
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
mid 2nd Century (150) died in 131; famous for: 1. reorganizes wealth in Rome 2. farmers cannot have an excess of 320 acres (cannot sell or rent the land) 3. bypasses & angers the Senate; introduced SEMPRONIAN LAW: taking of land from large farmers and redistributing it to small farmers
Euclid
wrote about Geometry: first person to discover that "parallel lines would never touch"; developed Pi
Euripides
(d.406 BC) tragedy playwright; Elektra (Deus es machina- resolver); Medea
David
(1037-1967 BC) next great King; Great military leader, Commerce thrives under him, State improves
Archons
Administrators/ Council of Elders; developed a problem of debt slavery (farmers selling themselves into slavery to pay debts to debtors), this created tension between social classes
Babylonian Captivity
In 722 the Israelites were attacked by the Assyrians; Jews went into exile and the leaders were dispersed throughout the Assyrian Empire
Senatorial Class
patrician; wealth & old ties; generals and governors----->Senate
Diocletian
ruled from 284-305 AD; was a peasant and rose through army ranks; political structure or economic structure unstable then; he restructures the empire into a tetrarchy, restructures defense (establishes forts along the boders, makes army more mobile, increases to 300k, institutes and uses the draft), finance (uses gold, silver, & bronze; Edict of Prices; taxation), and religion (reverts back to paeganism--monotheism; Christian persecution 1. closes churches, burns scriptures, & meetings 2. priests were arrested 3. priests--sacrifice to Roman gods or tortured 4. declared officially illegal); divided the empire into 100 provinces and 13 dioces (which influences the church later)
Olympias
(376-316 BC); Mother of Alexander; Very romantic, egotistical, and emotional
Baru
specific type of priest that had the ability to look into the future. (saw dreams, visions, studied flights of birds, and horoscopes. Also used mechanical forms of prophesizing. Oil in water/shot arrows/ burned incense/ rolled dice/inspected the liver. Had a lot of power with the people influenced war, love, sea, and sun.)
Protagorus
(d. 410 B.C.) self-proclaimed agnostic. (introduced a revolution of customs such as "a way one should behave outside of religion". looked at historical problems and looked towards human beings for answers- not towards gods. this leads towards moral relativism)
Peloponesian War
long and devastating war, Sparta leads other city-states against Athens. (due to the bullying of the Athenians. beginning in 431 B.C. - in 403 B.C. Sparta defeats the Athenian Navy. must tear down defensive walls around Athens.)
Abraham
widely regarded as the patriarch of Judaism, prevalent in the book of Genesis
Aedile
Mid 5th Century BC; 2/yr---1 yr term; elected by C.A.; public service
Attica
Attica- 200,000 populants; Two Main Regions of Greek city-states
First Triumverant
60 Bc; Political alliance between Pompey, Crassus (to appeal to rich and military), and Caesar to share power in the Roman Republic; "3-Headed Monster"; tried to be overthrown by the Senate
Ten Commandments
Guided ethical and moral laws for the Israelites; -1- Thou shalt have no other gods before me- (saying they will become monotheistic not that there is only one god.), <
Philosophy
stems out of strong religious ideals (but not religious in itself) but from a love of knowledge and thinking abstractly.
Ecclesia
the assembly; all men get together to discuss society, and politics
Macedonia
the region of ancient Macedon in Greece and most of the Kingdom of Macedon, famously ruled by Alexander the Great
Syssition
where ALL meals were eaten- developed to build bonds among Spartans
Constantine
d. 337AD; generation removed from Diocletian; he was Caesar---->Augustus of the West; won the Battle of Milvian Bridge; became Christian by the end of his life and makes Christianity legal and state religion; ends tetrarchy & becomes sole ruler of Rome; makes Constantinople capitol (modern day Istanbul); attempts to fix: 1. Financial problems 2. taxes 3. social problems; by the end---Rome is rural and that lasts 700 yrs
Aeschylus
(d.456) Playwright known as the father of tragedy, Tragedy remained close to religion, Always included Hubris- fatal flaw such as excessive pride
Ziggurats
Primitive form of Egyptian pyramids. "men's access to God" 7 stories/7 steps.
Battle of Actium
31 BC; where Octavian Augustus (name given after defeating the 2) defeated Marc Antony & Cleopatra ending Civil War in Rome
Dionysus
god of wine, sex, and drama "father of drama" drama- begins in Athens
Philip II
(d.363) King of Macedonia , father of Alexander (356-323 BC); Dies and leaves Alexander a united country, Leaves him a strong monarchy and the best army, Instills in him a love of Athenian culture, Wanted to conquer Persia
Saul
First great king of Israel- ((reigned 1047-1007BC)), Fighting between the Philistines and the Israelites lead to turmoil and the creation of a beaurocracy...this leads to Saul becoming King, not a great leader, Established a monarchy, committed suicide
Julian Laws
19-18BC; legislation of morality under Augustus' reign--->marriage, child production, adultry; it reformed religion--->restores temples & altars
Latin League
Federation of tribes; • Patricians- Aristocrats, •Phlebians- Commoners, •(early on everyone farmed- "simple farm life")
Itinerant Judges
judges who roamed about the countryside carrying out the justices of the ruler
Boudicea
Queen of the British Isles; leads Revolt of Boudicea (60AD) against Nero bc the Roman soldiers mistreated her & her daughters, early uprival is successful & embarasses Nero, but eventually she does lose
The Republic
Plato formulated this ideal. Ideal governors will be philosopher kings. "Comes back down to earth" Aristotle's teacher
Zarathustra/Zoroaster
ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet
Republic
509-27BC; made up of 2 elements: monarchial-->2 consuls and aristocratic-->Senate; unwritten constitutional government
Dorian Greeks
came from the North; "Dark Ages" 1100-800 BC bc there are no records; alphabet credited to Phoenicians, Greeks added vowels; had a constitutional government, believed in Natural Law "good laws" don't change
Perioeci
next 40% next class under the Spartans; meaning "dwellers around", came from Lakonia, food, clothing, weapons to the Spartans, (provided a service)
The Politics
book written by Aristotle
Thucydides
wrote about the Pelopenisian wars; wrote to discipline Greece about their own causes to the war
The Iliad
stories about the Myceneans defeating the Trojans 1250 B.C. (themes: face deathboldly, none can escape their fate, gods quarrel) military glory-->Achiles "hero"
Zeigitae
"young men" small farmers (most of population)
Pompy the Great
part of the First Triumverant; chosen to influence the military; popular General; marries Caesar's daughter
Jerusalem
Established by the Canaanites and is the capital of Israel
Xerxes
becomes ruler (485-465 BC); obsessed with defeating the Greeks
Lycurgus
founder of the new Spartan state
Julian Calendar
created during Caesar's reign; 365 days/yr beginning on Jan 1
Enlil
god of air, god of force
Draco
(621 BC) becomes tyrant and is appointed by the Council; his main job is to have workers write down laws regarding everything that pertains to the state; and to help stabilize the state <<500 BC -small land owners STILL selling themselves into debt slavery>>
Allegory of the Cave
"People need to break away from their chains and get into the real world to experience things for themselves."
Battle of Issus
November 333 BC. The invading troops led by the young Alexander of Macedonia, outnumbered more than 2:1, defeated the army personally led by Darius III in the second great battle for primacy in Asia
Genius
gods of the line; ancestry; makes Caesar a god
Ahura Mazda
is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator, hence God
Greek Renaissance
(800-600 B.C.) period of population growth, people owning more land, inheritance problems(-too many children), began to export ppl to own more land, export to Italy, Turkey, this spreads culture, trade expands, commercial centers outside of Greece; importance placed on the wealthy
Dictator
6 month terms
Jewish Revolt
66-70 AD; Jews did not like being part of the Roman Empire (Judea, ancient Israel)--according to Jewish teachings they are supposed to be led by their "own"; ZEALOTS try to overthrow Roman leaders and gov't which causes other revolts-none successful
Crassus
part of the First Triumverant: chosen to influence upper class; dies in battle
Sophists
literally meaning "wise" or "wisdom"; term for a teacher of philosophy
Epic of Gilgamesh
greatest influence on religion, from the Mesopotamians. (Compares greatly with Noah and the Ark.)
Cleithenes
Psistratus' son is overthrown by Cleisthenes; appeals to the lower class, attempts to see that the Ecclesia has more power than the "500 bushel men", developed the "lot" system for deciding government officials (works until 200BC), democracy assumes positive qualities about citizens living in the system
Battle of Hydaspes River
a battle fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against the Indian king Porus on the Hydaspes River in the Punjab region of ancient India. The Hydaspes was the last major battle fought by Alexander
Senate
"old men"; wise old guys; in it til death once appointed; 300 members; all men; similar to the Senate today
Stoicism
"thinkers" -"don't worry so much about the details", don't meddle yourselves in gov. politics or religion, believers in the greek religion, first organized thought against slavery
Moses
recorded the Ten Commandments
Thetes
landless day workers, could not fight
Sappho
600BC; Isle of Lesbos; widow who wrote about love
Persian Wars
(490-479 BC); Phase I- (489-480) ; Many city-states agree to avoid complete destruction by the Persians; Sparta and Athens refuse to become a part of Persia; Only fifteen city-states said NO to the Persians; Darius I sends 20,000 troops across the Aegean Sea; ; Battle of Marathon 6400 Persians killed and 192 Greeks; Results of the War: 1. Huge moral boost for the Athenians 2. Stopped westward expansion of the Persians 3. Makes the Athenians the major city-state; Phase II (480-479 BC); 30 Greek city-states create a league//bond that agreed that "If one place gets attacked everyone comes together to help"; Persians send 50.000 troops; Thermopylae- Spartan fight- Leonidas-ruler of Sparta; Athenians lead the way for Greek domination against Persia; Athenians enjoy a cultural spree-other city states tire from it

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