International Relations 350 Midterm Exam
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- Inter-American Cooperation: The Western Hemisphere
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-The U.S. has the good neighbor policy with Latin America (made by FDR).
-Latin America doubted this, but the U.S. proved they were good neighbors during the 1920's.
=> Creates Hemispheric Solidarity - Inter-American Cooperation: Panama Conference
- 1939 - Hemispherical Neutrality, only allowed merchant ships in the western hemisphere
- Inter-American Cooperation: Havana Conference
- 1940 - No-transfer Resolution (After fall of france)
- Inter-American Cooperation: Lend-Lease Aid
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-1941: Lease aid for Latin American states, USSR, GB and France.
-President can deem where to lend aid to
-gives money to L.A. because they're republics.
=> By 1945 the U.S. has indicated interest in being a good neighbor. - 1945: Act of Chapultepec
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in Mexico
-L.A. and the US argue that a common diplomacy/interest/economy has emerged
-> Tries to create something like the League of nations. - WWII brings 2 things to the Western Hemisphere:
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1) Greater Equality
2) W. Hemisphere is not damaged. - European Divisoin: Liberation
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By May 1945 Europe is leberated but much of the land is destroyed.
-Europe demands reparations for destruction. - Central Powers occupied
- The Central powers come under occupation of allied powers (G.B., France, USSR, and US).
- A New Order In Asia: Japanese Expansion
- -height of japanese expansion (they're all along the coast of asia)
- USSR and Japan: non-aggression pact
- sign a pact in 1941
- 3 Areas of Occupation:
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1) Korea (S - USSR, N-US)
2) Japan
3) China (problem because China is not united - Nationalists/Shek and Communists/Mao)
=> It is not clear how long these areas will be occupied - 4 Policemen of the World:
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1) W.Europe = GB
2) W. Hemisphere = US
3) C. Europe/S.E. Europe = USSR
4) Far East = China - End to Imperialism in Asia
- Atlantic Charter = end to imperialism
- The Middle East Evolves
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-issues of imperialism - colonies that helped GB during the war were promised different things
-GB needs the Middle East for oil and have their hands on it. - Iran
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North = USSR
South= GB
=> strategic value in supplying oil and aid - 4 issues effecting development in the Middle East: 1) Imperialism
- Pre-WWII they were all colonies
- 4 issues effecting development in the Middle East: 2) Nationalism
- Arab nationalism = they see GB and French as becoming weaker - cant control them as much (see this in Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria = overthrow direct/indirect imperialism)
- 4 issues effecting development in the Middle East: 3) Security
- The Issue of security = oil flow wont be secured.
- 4 issues effecting development in the Middle East: 4) Spheres of Influence
- Not a colony but heavily influenced by a superpower (e.g. Iraq)
- Stalin's Dilemma
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=End of WWII ther are countries who declared war on the USSR and countries who adopted pro-german ways
-he wants to make sure this doesnt happen again
-he wants reparations for destruction in USSR - Churchill's Dilemma
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-he wants to recreate "balance of power" between France, Italy, GB, Germany
-parliament wants to know what will happen post WWII (they want to revive GB economy/give soldiers jobs)
- want to assure British security - Yalta Conference, February 1945: Stalin
- -Wants reparations and to secure the eastern front
- Yalta Conference, February 1945: Churchill
- balance of power, secure GB
- Yalta Conference, February 1945: FDR
- Democracy in asix, restore self-determination, economic propserity for US (wartime to peacetime), and create the 4 policemen of the world.
- The "Percentage Agreement"
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-Stalin and Churchill compromise
- the 2 countries appoint % of an intern government
-GB/USSR
Hungary and Yugo 50/50
Greeece 90/10
Romania 10/90
Bulgaria 20/80 - The Issue of Poland
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-Katyn Forest Massacre - Polish officers found dead in Poland, killed by USSR in 1943.
-> Polish government in exile wants to investigate, Stalin is pissed and installs a pro-USSR government in Poland.
-Breaks alliance w/ London Poles - The Shift in Borders
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Tehran and Yalta = border issues discussed and refined.
-Soviet need shorter frontier
-Anglo-American commitment to liberate Poland/Czech
-> USSR wants this territory, and GB/US dont want this.
-> USSR shifts Polands borders into Germany. - Dilemma with border shift
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Dilemma of ethnic germany = dont want to create issues
-germans pushed out and into Germany and Poles and Czechs move in.
-Greco-Turkish war precedent - New Leaders, Changed Terms:
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-FDR dies April 12, 1945, Truman takes over
-Churchill is replaced by Atlee. - German Territory divided
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-Germany and austria under military occupation
-Vienna and Berlin Divided
-divided by 4 powers = US/USSR/GB/France
-eventual political and economic reunification
-political, diplomatic and economic alignment uncertain. - Yalta Conference (Feb, 1945)
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-pooled reparations from germany
-putative treatment
-freedom promised for E. Europe - Postdam Conference (August 1945): Changes
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-zonal reparations from Germany (USSR zone pays USSR)
-rehabilitation of germany
-coalition government for Poland (Stalin promises elections and Truman demands immediate election) - Atomic Diplomacy
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-Truman: US is willing eventually to share knowledge on peaceful uses.
-US would not divulge info in short-term
-fear of destructive consequences if divulge information -> directed at USSR and GB but more USSR - Declaration of War: Stalin
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-Stalin election speech - February 1946
-Foreign policy statement
-Communists vs. Capitalists war is inevitable
-enemy name not mentioned - Declarations of War: Churchill
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-Iron Curtain Speech, March 6, 1946
-no longer PM
-Stettin to trieste
-enemy named: SU
-Hints at soviet goal = fruits of war
-sought understanding w/ USSR, supported by all of the english speaking world. N - Nuclear Disarmament: Baruch Plan
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June 14, 1946
-US to UN
-International control of nuclaer weaponry and nuclear research
-inspection
-peaceful uses of nuclear technology
-eventual disarmament - Nuclear Disarmament: Gromyko Plan
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June 19, 1946
-ban use
-ban production
-destruction of all existing weaponry
-> immediate effect on US to weaken US position to USSR advantage. - The Iron Curtain Descends, 1946: Yugoslavia and Bulgaria
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-Oct. 27, 1946 Communist party "wins election" in Bulgaria (not a free election)
-Communist government establishes control over Yugolsavia (led by Tito)
=> looks as if Churchill was right, USSR out of control. - The Balkan Peninsula, 1947
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-USSR goes beyond sphere of infeluence
-Stalin sends a message to Turkish government -> wants lost territory back, wants to get half the Turkish straits to prevent them from allowing german use of the straits and in Greece there is a communist party trying to overthrow the monarch. - The Balkan Peninsula, 1947: Aid
- 1945-1946: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania send aid to communist party in greece -> all under USSR percentage agreement.
- The Balkan Peninsula, 1947: GB aid
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GB tries to give aid to monarchy but GB is in bad shape because of WWII.
-Feb 1947 - if GB govt continues to support Greeks it will go bankrupt -> persuades the US to come in and help. - Truman's Dilemma
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-British bankrupcy?
-Churchill's predictions are coming true
-Stalin's statements - inevitable war
-soviet military strength = GB, US demobilized, USSR have 6x that of collective allies.
-elections in e. Europe
-communist insurgency in Greence
-atomic standoff
=> Feb, 1947 - Truman realizes that the US must get involved to protect the world froM USSR expansion (it costs a lot tho/problem)
-> has to scare people into shifting gears. - The Truman Doctrine
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-March 12, 1947
-2 camps against each other:
Free people(Greeks/Turks/etc)VS. totalitarianism/armed minorities/outside pressures
-no names used - The Truman Doctrine: The SOLUTION
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solution = massive economic aid to advance self-determination - $400 million requested.
-Greece/Turkey in danger the middle east
-reminds people of teh Lend-Lease act - no difference (its in US interest/common threat) - The Truman Doctrine: the Domino theory
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-if country a is in danger and falls, country b bordering them falls too.
-> Greece falls, Turkey is faced with Totalitarianism, govt on 3 borders, turkey falls, Middle east is in danger (USSR gets oil)
=> gives USSR an advantage in future conflict. - The Marshall Plan, June 1947
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-offered credit for european purchases of US goods
-called for european eocnomic cooperation, opening of budge books for American inspection
-tacit promise: communism thrives on poverty and devastation
-the other half of the walnut (Truman doctrine)
-stalin doesnt want to integrate because its not total control
-Walnut: ideological argument, eliminate communist threat by reviving their economies
-aid to GB, Netherlands, Denmark, Yugoslavia, etc = resusitate principle power houses/military allies = GB, France, Italy, Germany
-1948 - 1952 = 4 year program that US gives $12.97 billion. - Europe's Response: June
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June 26, 1947: European Foreign And Finance Ministers meet to discuss U.S. offer
-USSR/Poles/Czechs present- want aid
-> Conditions: recepients must offer budget data and offer US advisors input on budget and open economy to free trade and foreign investment (threat to USSR, so they leave) - Europe's Response: September
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-W. European nations produce a 4 year plan for economic plan
-free trade
-investment across borders
-US aids
-> Beginning of European Union and Economic Recovery - The Iron Curtain Descends, 1947: Poland, Hungary, Romania
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-January 19, 1947: Polish elections create communist government
-May 1947: Communists Seize power in Hungary (it was split 50/50 in % agreement)
-Dec 30, 1947: Romania People's Republic declared (communist)
=> almost all predicted countries have fallen - Policy of Containment
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-ambassador to USSR - George F. Kennedy - publishes "the sources of USSR govt" published by Mr. X
=Describes USSR expansion in historical context - Tsars wanted the same things, they have their own world-wide agenda. - Policy of Containment: Solution
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SOLUTION = USSR pressure can be contained via counterforce/contain agression.
-US can force moderation on Kremlin (USSR White house) via containment and counter-froce.
-long term struggle
-US can win by letting USSR fall on own weaknesses
-not a quick struggle: Cold War. - The COMINFORM created, Oct. 5, 1947
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-effort to solidify communist efforts
-1942: Comintern dissolved
-1947: COMINFORM created (Communist Information Bureau).
-coordinate actions of communists parties in the world (Effectively in Europe)
-collaboration w/ non-communist parties forbidden. - The Western Response to Communist gains:
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-French elections: Oct 1947, communists might win election so the US govt provides financial aid to these parties (centrist parties).
-> coordinate with the US and GB against USSR - Czechoslavakia: An Anomaly
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-pre-WWII sympathetic to USSR
-1946: Free elections, communist party wins.
-capitalism brought the destruction
-still friendly with the west - Czechoslavakia: 1948 new elections
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-new elections and communists expected to lose because US would supply aid and USSR didnt help recovery.
-1948 there is a coup led by the communists and they take over and work with USSR - The Brussels Pact, March 17, 1948
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-defense pact
-direct response to Czech coup
-involves GB, France, Luxembourge, Belgium and Netherlands
-article 51 of the UN = Charter sited = regional countries handle regional issues
-economic recovery
-enemies: germany (named) and USSR (unnamed)
-coincides with revival of conscription in the US (if war breaks out in europe the US will step in to help.) - Elections in Italy, 1948
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-large and powerful communist party
-appears likely to win
-US response: fund campaign of Italian Christian Democrats
-Christian democrats win election - The Problem of Yugoslavia
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-Josef Broz (Tito) = communist in control
-dynamic leader, fought in war, doesnt use USSR help
-independent and is able to liberate Yugoslavia without USSR aid.
-commonly criticizes Stalin
-cominform is created and Tita and Yugoslavian delegates are expelled in 1948.
=> hope to get Tito to work w/ him - doesnt, Tito sends diplomatic envoys to Italy, France and US to get Western economic aid.
= constant irritant to Stalin
-if Tito strives other places will break away from USSR too - Germany: The Original Plan
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-Four occupied secotrs, eventual reunification
-demilitarization, denazification, and deindustrialization.
-> Germany hasnt been realigned because of the original plan for it
-when germany was deemed safe they will pull out.
-US/GB/France realize Germany needs a role in recovery - back away from deindustrialization idea. - The Plan Changes: Germany
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-economic recovery of Germany central to european recovery with the Marshall plan
-creation of "BIZONIA" Jan, 1947
-Bizonia currency = deutschemark, recovery in US and GB sphere.
-> approach France to join in (against communism), they do
-Trizonia is created June 1948
-> USSR concerns - this is another state so they cut off access to Berlin - The Berlin Blockade, June 1948-May 1949
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-raods are closed by USSR
-violation of Potsdam Accords - access to roads in Berlin
-goal: remove Western presence in USSR sphere (embarassment)
-Capitalist way of life is returning propserty to W. Berlin
-if access is cut off then W. Berlin cant get goods - The Berlin Blockade: Response
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-Solution #1: Blitzkreig
-general Lucius Clay: military commander of US, sends tanks, dont need roads - The Berlin Airlift
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June 24, 1948 - May 12, 1949
-airlift goods to W. Berlin
-French, GB and US send goods
-lane lands every 30 minutes with goods
=succeeds (no radar)
-by may 12, roads are fixed. - The Berlin Airlift: Nuclear Diplomacy
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-US sent 60 B-29 Bombers to Britain by the end of 1948
-could deliver a-bomb to Soviet targets if airlift is messed with
-1st use of nuclear diplomacy - Germany Divided, 1949-1990
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-Creation of West and East Germany
-according to Potsdam the Order-Neisse Line is created.
-West Germans dont recognize this =they want the land lost to Poland. - Who leads the Germans?
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-Konrad Adenauer (W. Germany): commited anti-nazi and Christian democrat (GB adn France dont believe this)
-E. Germany: Walter Ulbricht: committed anti-nazi and communist
-both claim to be teh german voice and wont recognize each other. - the birth of NATO
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-April 4, 1949 = Treaty of Washington
-article 51 cited
=creates NATO
-geographic extension (N. America, W. Germany, French Algeria, etc) = doesnt support imperialism
-political and economic cooperation
-collective security
-containment - USSR A-bomb
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August 1949: USSR creates a successful A-bomb
-USSR now has a bomb to use against NATO members - The Bretton Woods Conference, July 1944
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-resore international credit
-restore international trade
-prevent postwar depression
-integrate allied economies
-no trade barriers/loan barriers
-many delegates at conference - Bretton Woods and IGO's
- -inter-governmental organization = broad organization that coordinates government
- IGO's: IMF
- -international monetary fund (IMF) = short term bank, loans, credit checks
- IGO's: World Bank
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Develpment (World Bank) = designed to give long-term, low-interest loans to help reconstruct industry and helps worldwide
- IGO's: International Labor Organization
- Makes sure workers arent shafted
- IGO's: ITO
- International Trade Organization = dedicated to ensuring world trade (no barriers, etc)
- Gold standard
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return to the gold standard, used to figure out transactions
-dollar as world's reserve currency = stable, as good as gold, US economy is good. - What to do w/ Axis Powers: Morgenthau Plan
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-Morgenthau Plan = make sure they dont have industry (made by US treasurer)
-no factories/no mining (iron and coal - tanks/weaponry)
-discussed at Yalta, Stalin likes. - Morgenthau Plan: Potsdam
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US/GB seek to rehabilitate Germany (plan is rejected)
-> Europe needs German Industry, in order for economic recovery germany needs to be integrated/rehabilitated.
-world threat needs to be reduced so troops can go home
-Stalin = dont rehabilitate an aggressor, the USSR should be the 1st focus of recovery efforts - Cold War Economics, 1945-1946: Soviet response
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-Because allies violate Yalta/Potsdam, the Soviet bloc refuses to participate in the ITO..
-Soviet bloc refuses to use dollar as world currency or adopt the gold standard because it would undermine his total control/needs to use own currency.
-USSR demand common economic policy toward germany (guaranteed under yalta and potsdam)
-demand reparations (get them from their own zone)
-ITO ceases to exist because USSR refuse participation - The Birth of GATT
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general agreement on trade and tariffs
-signed in 1947, enacted Jan. 1, 1948
-ensure trade barriers dont go up
-encourage all countries to give "most-favored nation" status/principle to all. - GATT works by:
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encouraging lowering trade barriers between all gatt members
- about 48 members
-designed to be short-term/temp
-revives and complicates trade - The Soviet Response: COMECON, Jan 1949
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-council for mutual economic assistance (COMECON)
-founded in Moscow
-established Soviet counterpart to Western European integration
-no economic aid/laons
-1950: E. Germany joins
=> re-emphasizes cold war bloc - Jean Monnet and the Eureopean Union
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-orchestrated interallied purchases during WWII
-favored collective economies
-advocated european political and econoimc integration as stipulated under the marshall plan
-GB and US deny this
-A "United States of Europe"
-Monnet wants this to happen in 48 - Monnet's Dilemma: The German Vampire
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-Konrad Adenaur (E.Germany), the threat never dies
-France fears Germany-they dont want another invasion.
-all of europe feels the same
-the need to remove the german threat
-1925 the need to integrate W. Germany's economy into W. Europe: resurrecting the dream of Arstide Briand pact (integrate countries so was is impossible). - Economic Integration: Phase 1/Schuman Plan
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-the Schuman Plan, May 9, 1950
-integrate Western European coal and steel production
-response to COMECON
-international corporate trust
-reduces chance of unilateral rearmament
=countries dont control all of their steel production - The European Coal and Steel Community, April 18, 1951
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ECSC
-France, W. Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourge
-G.B doesnt join - GB doesnt join ECSC b/c
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1) GB gets coal from US -regulate that
2) get coal from colonies - European Economic Integration: Phase 2 EEC
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=European Economic Community (EEC)
-common market = extend to every fascet
-free trade and movement of capital and labor
-common tariff, agricultural, transportation and commercial policies
-coordination on economic labor and investment policies
-improve standard of living and collective GDP
-hints at a greater european union
=political, economic union
-belief that they will experience more prosperity - The Treaty of Rome, March 25, 1957
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France, W. Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands
-create EURATOM (European Atomic Energy Community)
= organization to research atomic weaponry and to promote peacful use of a-energy.
-Britain declines membership again - Response to EEC: Britain
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-Britain: creates teh European Free Trade Association on May 1950
-Britain, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Portugal, Switzerland and Denmark = free trade zone
-no common production, labor or investment policies
= problem = competition between member industries - The EEC expands
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-1970s expansion
-Jan 1973: UK, Denmark and Ireland join
-GB tries to get in EEC = rejected
-Jan 1981 = greece joins
-jan 1986 = spain and portugal join - COMECON expands
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-1968 = Mongolia joins
-1972 = Cuba
-1978 = Vietnam - A United States of Europe
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-economic integration
-german reunification (oct 1990)
-end of cold war, COMECON 1991
-EEC composed of liberal, republican government = established conditions to be admitted to EEC
-EEC is talking about abolishing currency and making the EURO
-next: political integration - Treaty of Maastricht
- Feb 7, 1992 = agrees to continue economic cooperation and begin political cooperations = European Union
- The Division of Europe: NATO vs. the USSR
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NATO alliance: common/capitalist economy, if ones attacked others will help, democratic elections
USSR: Russia and E. Europe, COMECON, if ones attacked others will help, common ideology = communism/totalitarianism
-W. Germany = exception in 1949 - The "Gilded Alliance": Weaknesses in NATO
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-covered with a thin layer of gold = not as valuable as treaty appears to be.
-mutual assistance not reflexive
-military disparity (175 USSR vs. 14 NATO)
-no common cohesive militiary alliance
-the American "nuclear umbrella" = shields NATO/W. Germany from 175 USSR divisions. - The Birth of MAD
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-USSR successful atomic test July 14, 1949
-US learnes this August
-reduces moral power of American nuclear weaponry
-threat to W. Europe
*principle of mutually assured destruction = no one will use an a-bomb (MAD)
-comprimises US nuclear deterence
-USSR becomes a superpower too - The "loss" of China, Oct, 1949
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-from 1946 to 1949 Civil War
-Shek/nationalist vs. Mao Zedong/Communist
-US cuts off aid to Shek because Mao is clearly winning
-Oct 1949, Mao wins
-Mongolia is forced to become communist (used to be pro-US)
-china going communist is huge (large # of people) - Truman's Dilemma Pt.1: Greece
- Civil War in Greece
- Truman's Dilemma Pt. 2: Communist bloc
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Communist bloc is on the rise
-nuclear parity? USSR might achieve what the US achieved
-dont know USSR intentions
-time for a new foreign policy? - Paul Nitze and his NSC-68
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Nitze = Director of Policy Planning for US State Dept..
-member of the National Security Counciol (NSC)
-chief architect of NSC memorandum #68, April 1950 - NSC-68s worldview
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-USSR aggressively expansionist
-containment failed (a-bomb, loss of china)
-need an aggressive response, not piecemeal measures
-restore W. Europe and Japan (new ally in Asia) to econoimc prominence
-rearm W. Europe = need military parity/superiority
-increase US atomic and conventional forces
*GOAL = rollback of communisms = territories that communism has taken need to be liberated. - NSC-68 Goals in Europe
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-increase American conventional presence
-strategic air command (SAC) increased = bombing countries (deterence)
-fully integrated NATO (weapons, command structure) = not just a treaty, need the same guns - The Dilemma of NSC-68
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-Expensive program. (12 bil to 48 bil to 60 bil in 2 years)
-Need congressional (Republican) approval (need approval from opp party)
-Economic recession = need people to spend more
-How justify increase (dilemma of Truman Doctrine)? - The Communists: "Peace Offensive"
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-Feb. 1950: “offensive†launched by W. European parties.
-U.S. the aggressor.
-French, W. German, and Italian socialists favor a neutral Europe.
-Avoid destruction.
-Give Europe its independence. - Korea: the Cold War turns "hot"
-
-Parallels to Germany:
Divided peninsula.
Separate governments.
-Korean War: 2 Zones, N.Korea = USSR/Sung, S.Korea/US and Sing Mon Rhee
-both leaders think they're the leader of all of Korea
-Recent border clashes.
-June 1950: North Korea invades South Korea.
-progresses quickly and force US to partake so it doesnt fall to communism. - Korea: Implications for Europe
-
-Concerns over Soviet strike in Europe (W. Europe troops are helping the US in Korea)
-Impetus to improve NATO, unite armed forces (is this apart of the USSR scheme to dominate the world?)
-Dec. 19, 1950: NATO creates integrated command under Eisenhower = better NATO
-U.S. ground commitment now 6 divisions (Now 175: 18), improved from 4 to 6 - The Lisbon Conference, Feb 1952
-
-need a serious deterent
-Lisbon, Portugal
-Increase NATO divisions to 50.
-NATO refines command structure at all levels.
-Political coordination.
-NATO now largely functional.
-“Containment†replaced with U.S.-led alliance (Nitzes vision came true) - NATO expansion: the dilemma
-
-Western European allies’ economies strained.
Economic recovery.
Imperial conflicts.
-1948-1955: U.S. troops defended West German territory.
-Sept. 1950: U.S. argues West Germany should contribute to its defense.
-needs an army to defend europe from communist threat - France: NO!
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-A future German threat?
Echoes of Hitler.
-France’s Public Enemy #1: West Germany or the Soviet Union?
->The need to remove the German threat, and fully integrate Germany’s armed forces into Europe (a la the ECSC)
-French Foreign minister Robert Schuman - The Pleven Plan, 1950
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-French Prime Minister Rene Pleven
-Sept. 12: U.S. proposed West German admission into NATO.
-Oct. 24: René Pleven proposed an integrated, “European†army.
-The “other half†(military) of the Schuman Plan (economic) - The genius of the Pleven Plan
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-German troops without a German Army.
-German troops dispersed throughout Europe.
-at the battalion level.
-No German strategic forces or nuclear forces.
-European commander chosen by a European parliament - The European Defense Community (EDC)
-
-Signed May 27, 1952.
-Obtains U.S. approval.
-EDC under NATO.
-EDC efforts at unification.
Common uniform
Common leaders
Common political and judicial system.
Common budget.
-Difference: German troops organized at divisional, not battalion level.
-Greece and Turkey join NATO feb 1952 = can contribute troops - W. Germany's decision: to sign or not to sign?
-
-Not full military sovereignty.
-Would receive full political, economic sovereignty, if signed EDC.
-Would lessen concerns of a future German threat.
-Would end American, British, and French occupation of West Germany. - Regime Change: the U.S.
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-January 20, 1953: Dwight D. Eisenhower replaces Harry S. Truman as U.S. President.
-Eisenhower advocates a “New Look†toward American foreign policy. - Eisenhowers Objectives
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-Reduced spending.
-Balanced budget.
-Reduced conventional forces.
-Increased nuclear arsenal.
-“Massive retaliationâ€. - Dulles: Eisenhower's Enforcer
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-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
-Manichean outlook (black vs. white)/(god vs. devil/US vs Soviet
-Aggressively combat communism.
-“Rollback†communism.
-Seek victory for the “free worldâ€.
-Kept in check by Eisenhower -> wants reduced tension in the world - The Lynchpin of "massive retalliation" (Hbomb/Second Shift/Massive retal)
-
-need American nuclear superiority
-US has Hbomb December 1942, 100-1000x as powerful
-US has air force bases in europe
-Soviets get Hbomb Aug 1953
-US bombers a second shift option: conventional deterence - USSR invades W. Europe, US planes can go to USSR and drop bombs = Massive retaliation
-> this threat is so bad that Soviets will never cross the line. - A Setback for the EDC
-
-Aug. 30, 1954: French Assembly failed to ratify the EDC.
-EDC appears on brink of dissolution.
-French see “thaw†in Cold War.
-Dulles: U.S. will reevaluate commitment to Europe. - A Compromise Reached (WEU)
-
-Anthody Eden (UK foreign Secretary) proposed admitting W. Germany into the Brussels Pact
-Oct. 1954- Brussels pac tbecomes W. European Union (WEU) w/ admission of W. Germany and Italy
-U.S. and UK and France occupation of W. Germany ends - Regime Change: USSR
-
-March 5, 1953: Stalin
dies.
-No clear successor.
-Uncertain implications for Soviet foreign policy.
-What happens now? - Who suceeds Stalin?
-
-March 1953: world watches Stalin’s funeral.
-Ceremony might indicate who heads Soviet bloc.
-Safe money on Beria.
-Second bet: PM Bulganin.
-No one suspects Khrushchev. - The Lynchpin of "massive retaliation"
-
-American nuclear superiority.
-U.S. has H-Bomb (Dec. 1952).
-U.S. has air force bases in Europe.
-Soviets get H-Bomb (Aug. 1953)
-U.S. bombers a “second-strike†option.
-detering agression - An American Free from Reprisal
-
-from 1945 to 1955 USSR bombers can only make it to the mid-atlantic
-the US has air bases in europe - The Value of the EDC and a stronger NATO
-
-Would allow for W. German rearmament -> fewer US troops
-Would increase NATO conventional force.
-Could deter Soviet first strike, lessen need to use American deterrent. - After Stalin: An attempt at de-escalation: Panmunjom Armistice/Korean War
-
-not sure who will take over
-July 1953 - Panmunjom Armistice = USSR puts pressure on Korea to stop fighting
-Fighting in Korean war ends - no peace treaty but ends the fighting.
-contrasted with USSR repression of E. Berlin Revolt (July 1953) - riots about poor conditions in E. Berlin - USSR crush them. - After Stalin: An attempt at de-escalation- Indochina/Geneva Conference
-
1946-1954: France VS. Ho Chi Minh communist army = not going well
-July 1954: Geneva Conference = peace talks -> makes sure Indochina wont become completely communist
=US, USSR, France, Indochina re-establish borders.
-N. Communist
-S. Anti-Communist
=ends war 1946-1954
-Vietnam is temporarily partitioned
-eventual elections for unified govt. - A Compromise Reached (Eden/WEU)
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-Anthony Eden (UK Foreign Secretary), proposes admitting W. Germany into Brussels Pact.
-Oct. 1954: Brussels Pact becomes Western European Union (WEU) with admission of W. Germany and Italy.
-U.S., U.K, and French occupation of W. Germany ends. - Mixed Signals: the Warsaw Pact
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-May 14, 1955, form their own version of NATO
-Reaction to W. German inclusion?
-Replaced “bilateral agreementsâ€.
-Collective Security/ Article 51 of the U.N.
- Open to all (not really) - Mixed Signals: Austrian Free State Treaty
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-Vienna, Austria under Allied military occupation.
-March 15, 1955: Austrian Free State Treaty ends occupation.
-Austria neutral, cannot reunite with Germany.
-Austria nonaligned
occupation leaves and austria can form sovereign state under 2 conditions: 1) always neutral, 2) cant reunite w/ germany - 1955: Mixed Signals Continued: USSR trying to make peace?
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-USSR returns Porkhala naval base to Finland.
-USSR returns Port Arthur to China.
-USSR restores relations with Yugoslavia.
-USSR seeks relations with W. Germany. - The Geneva Conference, July 18-21, 1955
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-Four-power talks (US, UK, France, and USSR).
-Discuss European issues stemming from WWII.
-Cordial.
-Vague discussion about German reunification. - Open Skies and Disarmament
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-Open flights over American, Soviet territory.
-Blueprint exchanges of all bases.
-Bulganin: Superpowers disarm nukes, limit conventional forces.
-Eisenhower presents this to USSR (Bulganin)
-> seem to agree until Kruschev disagrees
-Bulganin turns it down -> Eisenhower now knows Krushchev is calling the shots on foreign affairs - The Consequences of Geneva
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-No concrete settlement (“open skiesâ€, disarmament, German unification).
-Improved rhetoric, communication.
-Eisenhower learns who is in charge of Soviet Union (Khrushchev)
-Dulles later ruins “spirit of Geneva†(Oct. 1955 meeting). - the Global View: USSR global Expansion
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-June 1955: Signs accord with India for technical and economic aid.
-Nov. 1955: Khrushchev tours Southern Asia.
-Lenin: Imperialism is the last stage of capitalism (1917).
-Seek allies among former colonies in Asia and Africa ->help old-colonies b/c imperialism is capitalism - ...Or a defensive response?
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-USSR argue its defensive
-Sept. 1954: SEATO created = US made to protect S. Vietnam
-1955: CENTO created= defensive for Iran, Iraq, Pakistan/Middle East
-Both Modeled on NATO.
-Offer technological, military aid for anti-Soviet stance.
-USSR thinks US is trying to surround it w/ hostile states -> not being aggressive, just responding to military alliances. - Krushchev and "De-stalinization"
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-20th Party Congress (Feb. 1956).
-Keynote speech: “peaceful co-existence†= return to Leninist doctrine of peacful coexistance between Communist and Capitalist world (USSR is modifying tone)
-Secret speech: de-Stalinization (11 days later) = very private = denounces Stalin's reign of terror, foreign policy, efforts to topple Tito.
-somebody passes him a note and he responds that he didnt do anything because he was too afraid, just as this person was too afriad to ask in person
-Leaked to West ->Appeared to support “alternate paths to socialism.â€
-April 1956: Cominform dissolved.
-given in private because all leaders in E. Europe use Stalin's methods -> wants to give them notice in advance
-he's serious about ending Stalin's rule - The Polish Response
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-June 1956: Polish workers riot for better labor conditions in Poznan.
-Oct.: Worker riots throughout Poland.
-Polish politburo supports rehabilitation of Wladyslaw Gomulka -> look at Krushchev's denunciation of Stalin.
-Oct. 19: Gomulka elected First Secretary of Polish Communist Party -> he used to disagree w/ Stalin, follow his own path - Krushchev Intervenes
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-Oct. 20: Khrushchev flies to Warsaw, assure Gomulka ‘s loyalty.
-Soviet tanks move toward border (doesnt like being criticized)
-Gomulka arms workers.
-Khrushchev caves in.
-Gomulka eases restrictions on civil liberties.
-Soviet military presence declines.
-Still member of Warsaw Pact. - The Hungarian Response
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-Oct.: Hungarian workers, students protest economic conditions.
-Imre Nagy made Premier.
-Nagy introduces liberal reforms, non-communist members, into govt.
-Oct. 30: Soviet troops leave Hungary -> same thing as Poland, as long as USSR is not threatened, procede - The Hungarian Empire
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-Nov 1, 1956 = Hungary will have free elctions, no more communism - Hungary will leave Warsaw Pact
-appears to be a peacful rollback - good for capitalists
-nightmare for Kruschev = non-aligned Hungary is near USSR border - The Hungarian Empire: USSR response
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-Nov. 4: 250,000 troops, 5,000 tanks return, overthrow govt.
-Hungary calls for American aid, cites pledges of Radio Free Europe = dont do this b/c of idea of massive retaliation on europe.
-World distracted with simultaneous crisis in the Suez.
-Krushchev topples Hungarians - An Arms race beings
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-1955: Soviets develop long-range bomber that can reach US
-Aug. 26, 1957: Soviets develop ICBM - missile from USSR to US
-Oct. 4, 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik.
-Dec. 1957: U.S. develops ICBM.
-Feb. 1958: U.S. launches Explorer.
-Fall 1958: U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R. agree to halt nuclear tests (de-escalation?). - Berlin and the Cold War
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-Still divided.
-“Soviet ulcerâ€
-Showcase for W. European economic recovery.
-Still under Allied occupation.
-Nov. 1958: Khrushchev demanded all powers evacuate Berlin.
=Goal: Weaken U.S. relations with W. Germany, NATO allies.
-1959: Khrushchev forced to back down. - American Foreign Policy
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Dulles dies of cancer, May 24, 1959.
An end to “rollback�
A “second thaw†in superpower relations?
An end to “massive retaliation� - Nuclear De-escalation
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-U.S. is augmenting air force in europe
-July 1959: Greece, Italy, and UK accept U.S. MRBMs on their territory.
-Aug. 3, 1959: Geneva Conference: U.S., USSR will exchange state visits.
-Oct. 1959: Turkey accepts MRBMs. - Krushchev to the US
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-Sept. 16-27, 1959: Visited Washington, NYC, LA, SF, and Des Moines.
-Met with Eisenhower at Camp David.
-no disneyland for krushchev - The U-2 plane spying crisis
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-Flights ongoing since 1956.
-Photographed Soviet bases, research facilities.
-USSR knew of flights since 1956.
-Flew higher than Soviet ground-to-air, fighters could reach. - Francis Gary Powers makes history
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-May 5: U-2 plane goes down over USSR.
-US cover story: weather recon plane.
-Think pilot committed suicide, photograph gear destroyed.
-Soviets present Powers to media.
-Eisenhower admits personal responsibility for flights, recalls Pearl Harbor.
-Soviets demand personal apology, or will refuse to attend summit. - Factors in Kruschev's Policies
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-Soviet hardliners (Germany, Europe)/critics
-Sino-Soviet tensions (china wants war)
-Wait out U.S. elections, then deal with new U.S. president. - Partition Promised: the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, 1915-1916
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-Husseins family fights Ottoman Overlords
-Britain supports post-war creation of an arabic state: vague on boundaries, status of the holy land (Jerusalem and Bethleham) - Partition Promised #2: the Balfour Declaration
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-Nov. 2, 1917
-Britain supports a "national home" for Jewish people in Palestine
-consideration must be given for indigenous arab populations
-> conflict b/c arabs are promised the same region. - A Failure to Reconcile Promises
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-Prince Faisal goes to PP assisted by T.E. Lawrence
-Weizman does too
-Faisal and Weizmann attempt to reach compromise on future Palestinean state, but fail. - the Creation of Palestine: preparation for independence/clashes
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1922-1947 no effort to prepare people for independence
-1922-1947 - repeated clashes between arab and jewish populations
-no effort to create a kingdom or prepare independence in Palestine - viewed as a British colony - Pro-British Puppet leaders
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Prince Faisal in Iraq
Prince Abdullah in Jordan - B/c of Balfour
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Zionists get a national home in Palestine - very unclear
=> lots of criticism of Britain, no one is getting what they want
-arabs and jews get angrier and angrier at each other. - Re-thinking Palestine: Suez Canal/Solution for unrest
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-1936: War appears more likely in Europe. Britain seek to assure the "lifeline" via the Suez Canal by stabilizing Palestine.
-British govt. seeks solution taht resolves civil unrest between jews and arabs - The Peel Commission (1936)
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-headed by Lord Robert Peel
-interviews Leaders in Jewish and Arab communities
-Proposes partition of Palestine: Arabs get 2/3, Jews get 1/3, British control holy cities, calls for orderly transfer of arabs and jews to respective lands
= Arabs reject it, Jewish settlers are split.
=betrayal
--> Never happens and GB forgets about it b/c of WWII - WWII and Palestine
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1939: British need to secure the Middle East (for oil and lifeline)
-Germany is going to invade Poland
-Need to resolve issue of Palestine avoid Arabs receiving encouragement from Hitler - WWII and Palestine: White Paper Policy
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1939
-Jews and Arabs unhappy (immigration cap placed on, still a mandate)
=> fails because it doesnt supply immediate statehood
both groups unhappy - The Legacy of the Holocaust
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-end of WWII: allied (Western) public becomes aware of Holocaust
-European Jewish populations increasingly concerned for future safety
-increasingly look to emigration (to US and Palestine) for safer future
-Problem = quotas in both areas (both filled) - Independence by Guerilla Warfare: Begin Irgun and Gurion Haganah
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-est 1931, and 1920
-wage guerilla warfare campaign against British
-attack british (mandate) govt buildings, employers and troops
=goal = throw in towel and hand territory to Jews
-not sucessful
-Irgun more militant of the 2
-obtain independent Jewish State
-Britain was busy w/ the War - Terrorist Tactics: British Response/Terrorist Response
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-June 1946: British crackdown, arrest several Haganah and Irgun members -> striking back
-July 22, 1946: Bombing of the King David Hotel, HQ of British police in Palestine.
-Orchestrated by Irgun as retaliation for British raid.
91 dead (including 41 Arab and 17 Jewish citizens), 45 injured.
=> GB believes Irgun is a terrorist group
- Haganah also begin to intensify efforst against GB for an independent state - The Saga of The Exodus
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-July 11, 1947: Left France for Palestine, with 4,500 passengers.
-Symbolic value: Holocaust survivors, Biblical name.
-British intercepted it, forced passengers to leave Exodus.
-Covered by media.
->Immigration quota from 1939 White Paper still in effect (zero emigration in 1947). - British Bankruptcy?
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Keynes, Bevin concerned about British finances (aid to Greece, Turkey).
-Need to reduce costs, end imperial rule.
->Solution for Palestine: hand issue over to U.N. (successor of League) - UN resolution 181
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-Nov. 29, 1947.
-Established partition of Palestine into a Palestinian Arab state and an Israeli state
-33 for, 13 against, 10 obstain
=> 13 against are all states in middle east surrounding that area. - The Partition of the Mandate
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53% of the land to Israel.
47% of the land to Palestine.
Jewish population in 1946: 34%
Arabic population in 1946: 66%
-Jewish population in the majority in planned Israeli state = arabs disagree
-Jerusalem remains under UN control = keep holy cities under int. control
-UK Mandate expired on May 15, 1948 = arabic and jewish state will be made on that day -> everyone expects a peaceful transfer
=> Surprise = both anti-communist and communist countries vote in favor of partition - The Soviets Vote
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-Stalin a known anti-Semite.
-USSR confronted by anti-Communist states in the Middle East = your enemy is my friend.
-Haganah, Irgun were quasi-socialist.
-Future client state? common enemy.
-Card in future purge of Jews from USSR? - The American Vote
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-Concerns about 1948 presidential election - Truman needs Jewish democratic vote.
-Guilt over U.S. handling of S.S. St. Louis (1939), Holocaust = sent a boatload of jews away.
-Concern over European Jewish refugee problem if no homeland created in Palestine
= in favor for split - Countdown to May 15
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-Guerrilla raids launched by Jewish and Arabic paramilitary groups.
-Arabic states begin to meet, plan war upon withdrawal of British Mandate.
-Israeli guerrilla groups begin to organize, plan for political future.
-No equal planning among Palestinian Arabic groups = no coordination on territory.