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euro civ since about 1850

Terms

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Vatican II
(1962-65) First council in almost a century. More accessible Masses in the popular language. Dialogue with other faiths. Social justice ideas.
Technocracy
Trained managers, economic planners with new power in modern European government
Chiang-Kai-Shek
(d. 1975) pro-Western general, loses civil war to Mao.
Adenauer
(d. 1967) Under Chancellor Adenauer in Germany, Germans experience strong economy and many social programs. Conservative keeps liberal programs.
League of Nations
Wilson's proposal for UN-like body after WWI. Created, but the US didn't join as Senate would not approve.
Ostpolitik
West German policy which reached out to other nations and bypassed superpowers
Goering
(d. 1946) General in charge of Hitler's remilitarization of Germany.
Axis
countries opposed to the Allies during World War II. The three major Axis powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan were part of a military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940.
Populists
1860s/70s. Originated after serfs emancipated by Alexander II. Shared common aims of removing from power the monarchy and kulaks. Socialists. Anti-Semitic, fervently nationalist.
Pact of Steel
1939 alliance between Italy and Germany
Boer War
1899-1902. Against Dutch settlers, over gold. Vicious and bloody. Caused Britain to begin to worry about their diplomatic isolation.
Franz Ferdinand
Assassinated in Sarajevo, June 28 1914. Causes Germany and Russia to have proxies in the Balkans- this causes the Germans to declare war on France for no good reason.
Clement Attlee
(d. 1967) Labour PM after Churchill in Britain. Formed the post-war consensus social programs, generally liberal governance. Lasted until Thatcher in the 70s.
Kulaks
Early 1900s. Rich peasants, arbitrarily defined by the government, thought to have benefited from the tsar's reforms. Cruelly repressed by Stalin.
P. V. Hindenburg
(d. 1934) German field marshal and statesman. Elected as the second President of the Weimar Republic, 1925. Obliged to run for re-election in 1932 as the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler. Obliged to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In March he signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave special powers to Hitler's government.
Ho Chi Minh
(d.1969) A Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became prime minister (1946-1955) and president (1946-1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. Led the North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War.
14 Points
Wilson's more lenient, multinational plan for post-WWI
Petain
(d. 1955) Set up a puppet government in France after the German occupation.
Triple Entente
1907 (Pre-WWI). Russia, Britain, France
Charles de Gaulle
(d. 1970) Led the French government in exile in Britain, using Radio London.
5 year plan
Stalin's economics. Forced, rapid industrialization, targets for production. Devastating to agriculture, complete state takeover
Partisans
Resistance movements against German occupation. (WWII)
Nicholas II
(1894-1917) Repressive tsar who survived the Revolution of 1905 by mass killings and token democratic reforms. Deposed by the February Revolution of 1917. Succeeded by Kerensky.
Nehru
(d. 1964) major political leader of the Congress Party, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of independent India. Later, third world advocate.
S.A.
Brown shirts, the Nazi party militia
Mussolini
(d. 1945) Italian PM, 1922. Rigs '24 elections to get absolute majority. Kidnaps, kills Matteotti who protests, uses the mayhem to consolidate a dictatorship. Totalitarian.
Alexander Kerensky
(d. 1970) Leader of the Russian provisional government in 1917. Moderate Communist. Exiled by Lenin after the October Revolution, 1917.
Atlantic Charter
(August 1941) Pledges a system of international cooperation after the war. UN results from this agreement, and a '43 conference in San Francisco
Comintern
aimed to export Russian model overseas
Potsdam
(July 1945) Conference of the major powers setting borders that last until after the 90s
Non-aligned movement
(1955) Movement of nations against taking sides in the Cold War.
Paternalism
Idea of the 'white man's burden' in the colonial era to educate and 'civilize' native people. (Late 1800s)
Triple Alliance
1882 (Pre-WWI). Italy, Germany, and Austria
Mao Zedong
(d. 1976) Wins Chinese civil war to make China Communist. Built a massive cult of personality. Not as friendly as West thought with Russia, eventually hostile.
Anschluss
(1938) "Re"unification of Austria and Germany under Hitler—the two were never unified in the first place.
Schlieffen Plan
German offensive plan for war (through Belgium to France, into Russia)
Mensheviks
1903-1921. More traditional Continental Marxists opposed to to Lenin's Bolsheviks in Russia. Lost power as Lenin gained, outlawed in 1921.
Modernism
Post-WWI. Series of movements that call into question traditional artistic criteria. End up as (ironically) the new norm.
Matteotti
(d. 1924) Socialist who protested the rigged Italian elections of 1924. Killed by Mussolini.
Autarky
Attempt to be completely self-sufficient. No foreign aid—dangerous weakness (totalitarianism before WWII)
N.E.P.
Lenin's program, eventually supported by Trotsky against Stalin. Intended to build a more productive economy before becoming 'really' communist. Allows some private property, profit
Leon Trotsky
(d. 1940) Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. One of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution. After leading the failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s, Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party and deported from the Soviet Union in the Great Purge. Then, head of 4th International.
Goebbels
(d. 1945) Hitler's propaganda minister
Fuhrer
Means 'leader': Hitler's title as head of the Nazi state
Nkrumah
(d. 1966) One of the most influential Pan-Africanists of the 20th century, was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966.
Tito
(d. 1980) Under Tito, Yugoslavia was Communist but not a Soviet satellite. Primary part of the non-aligned movement.
Lebensraum
"Living space." Need land to support autarky (totalitarianism before WWII)
Suez Canal
Opened 1869 after international struggle, giving Britain control. Illustrated colonial rivalries.
Cadets
1905-1940. Constitutional democrats active in Russian reform movements and the government under Kerensky. Repressed after Bolshevik takeover.
Cecil Rhodes
d. 1902. South African businessman, politician. "From Cape to Cairo"- build a railroad and unite British colonies from top to bottom of Africa.
Nuremberg Trials
(1945-46) Leadership of Nazis tried, sentenced after WWII
Vladimir Lenin
d. 1924. A Russian revolutionary, a communist politician, the main leader of the October Revolution, the first head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1922, the first de facto leader of the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev
(d. 1971) Russian leader under whose control tension with the US came down temporarily, even meeting with JFK.
Treaty of Rome
(1957) established the European Economic Community (EEC), an independent supranational economic organization.
Gandhi
(d. 1948) major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—a philosophy that is largely concerned with truth and 'resistance to evil through active, non-violent resistance'
Pieds-noirs
Colonists of Algeria until the end of the Algerian War in 1962. Specifically, Pieds-Noirs were French nationals of European descent, Sephardic Jews, and settlers from other European countries such as Spain, Italy, and Malta who were born in Algeria. Violently against French withdrawal.
Hobson
1902, publishes the first significant study of imperialism. Argues that it is part of larger capitalist enterprises, but that is not good for economy in general. First to write about the human costs
Bolsheviks
1903-1952. Product of a split in Russian communism with the less radical Mensheviks. Lenin's Bolsheviks took power in 1917, eliminating Mensheviks. In 1952, Stalin declared the term—"majority"—obsolete since they were the party.
Boxer Rebellion
1900-1. Chinese national rebellion against European meddling in China
Existentialism
Arguably the most influential movement since the war. Based on loss of meaning after the Holocaust, WWII. Primarily atheist; only possibility is focus on the individual. Sartre, Camus
Entente Cordiale
1904, between France and Britain
Gestapo
Secret police of the Nazi party
Corporatism
Divide economy/society into vertical, corporate structures, not class but function (totalitarianism before WWII)
Maginot Line
Allied plans before WWII depended on this line of tunnels and defenses, which Germans just went around.
Franz Kafka
(d. 1924) Modernist who dealt with surreal themes, new parts of the human experience (alienation, anonymity, fear)
Alexander II
(1855-81) Tsar who initiated top-down reform, emancipating serfs and modernizing the economy before he was assassinated in 1881.
S.S.
Elite force built on Nazi ideology responsible for many of the war crimes under Hitler.
Crystal Night
(1938) Coordinated attacks on Jewish shops, homes. First Jews sent to camps.
Fifth Republic
(1958—present) New constitution put in place during Algerian crisis in France. Heavily in favor of the president (de Gaulle, at the time.)
James Joyce
(d. 1941) Modernist who pioneered new forms, notably in Ulysses. Word games, stream of consciousness.
Slavophiles
Originated in the 1830s, Moscow. The movement was interested in Russian identity, unification with other Slavs under the tsar.
Winston Churchill
(d. 1965) Led Britain to victory against the Axis powers. His speeches were a great inspiration to the embattled Allied forces.
Victor Emanuel III
(1900-46) Italian king, opens political system more in the early 1900s. Forced to make Mussolini the new PM.
Gleichschaltung
the principle justifying Nazification. Whole of public life must be assimilated into Nazism.
Nuremberg Laws
(1935) Restrictive laws ordering Jews out of professions and the civil service, banning them from marrying non-Jews, revoking citizenship, and ordering the wearing of the Star of David
Concordat
1929 Papal settlement with Fascist Italy. Catholicism is the official religion, with a powerful role in education. Pope calls Mussolini "a man sent by Providence"
Blitzkrieg
WWII German strategy: an initial bombardment followed by the employment of motorized mobile forces attacking with speed and surprise to prevent an enemy from implementing a coherent defense.
Sudeten
(1938) Part of Czechoslovakia taken by the Germans as part of appeasement
Leni Riefenstahl
Director, Triumph of the Will, 1934
Volk
means 'people', 'nation', 'community'. Connected to the idea that the party transcends all internal divisions.
Lusitania
Passenger ship sunk by German submarines that brought America into the war.
Soviets
Originally workers' local councils, organized in 1905. Adopted by Bolsheviks as the basic unit of society, and nominally part of the USSR's government after.

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