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my whoooollleeeeee final set

Terms

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GNP
Gross National Product: the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year
Nati'l Party Congress
CCP's top governing body; 3000 members selected from dif. provincies meets 2 weeks/year; approve policies of party's leader
constitutional commission
a group of experts appointed to study the state constitution and recommend changes
parliamentary gov't (type of democracy
executive and legislative functions both reside in the elected assembly or parliament
nuclear proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons
bilateral treaty (type of treaties)
an agreement involving only 2 nations
estate & gift taxes (type of tax)
estate tax is collected on the assets (property & money) of a person who dies (1million+); gift tax taxes on gifts of money (11,000+) from a living person
PRI
Institutional Revolutionary Party: led Mexico for 'bout 60 years and made it more authoritarian than democratic; 1994 candiate made voting more fair and gave other parties a chance
Nelson Mandela
ANC leader in 1960's; formed military operation and went to jail (1962); became world famous freedom symbol; released 1990; first elected president 1994
Mexico
transition into democracy; PAN dominant in mexican Congress but isn't complete majority; Vincente Fox current leader and will have to work with other parties in Congress to pass legislation
constitutional convention
meets to consider changing or replacing a constitution
japanese diet
parliament (legislature) of 2 houses: House of Councils (upper) and House of Representatives (lower); "soul lawmaking organ of the state" and has power over the nations fiscal policies
local gov't revenue
property tax, local income taxes, sales taxes, fines and fees, goverment-owned businesses
commission form (form of local gov't)
combines executive and legislative power in elected commission, usually 5-7 members. each heads a specific dept (police, fire, public works, finance and parks)
social insurance taxes (type of tax)
tax collected to pay for Social Security, Medicare and unemployment compensation programs. (treasury dept, not general gov't fund)
consolidated democracies (type of democracy)
countries with well-established democratic gov'ts
Kyoto Protocol
1997; a int'l agreement, supplemented 1992 focused on timetables for reducing greenhouse emissions to target levels among participating nations; US signed in 1998; 1999 was voted against thought would harm economy and KP didn't hold developing industrial nations accountable
ANC
African Nat'l Congress: black nationalists group; wanted to end apartheid (segregation)
Politburo
party's Policital Burea; 20 top party leaders; standing committee made of CCP's top 7 leaders; makes key policital, economical and military decisions
prime minister
the leader of the executive branch of a parliamentary gov't
EU
European Union: intergovernmental organization created 1957; 6 westerns European nations cooperate politically and economically
presidential gov't (type of democracy)
a president heads the executive branch
ANZUS
a pact between New Zealand, Australia and US in 1951 to come to one anothers aid in the case of an attack. New Zealand adopted a policy to exclude nuclear weapons & ships from this agreement & so the US no longer gurantees their security (1986)
alternative sentencing
shock probation, shock incarceration, house arrest *not prison
regressive taxes
tax in which people with lower incomes pay a larger portion of their income
referendum
when the voters vote on an issue, instaead of the legislature
council-manager form (form of local gov't)
legislative and executive powers are seperated. council makes policy and acts as legislative body. a manager carries out the policies and serves as cheif administrator
PAN
Nat'l Action Party: 2000 canidate defeated PRI's and replaced as dominant party
progressive taxes
based on a taxpayer's ability to pay (higher taxable income = higher tax rate)
state sponsored terrorism
a gov't secretly supports terrorism
workers' compensation
payments recieved by people who are unable to work as a result of job-related injury or ill health
incrementalism
the term used to explain that the total budget changes little from year to year
state constitutions
the structure of a state gov't - establishes: the branches and outline the powers and method of election; types of local gov't, define their powers and duties, regulate the way state gov'ts can raise and spend money; agencies, boards and commissions that have power in areas that affect how citizens' live directly
governors' powers
legislative: propose legislation, send legislative messages, present new programs as party of state budget, arouse public opinion, veto power (item veto), call a special session of state legislature; judicial: appoint state judges, may have power of people convicted of crime (right to grant pardons, shorten sentences, waive fines, release prisoners on parole)
corporate income tax (type of tax)
income taxes paid by coporations (10% of fed. gov't revenue)
South Africa
followed apartheid (strict segregation of races enforced by gov't) in 1948; blacks hit the worst; ANC (African Nat'l Congress) pressed for reforms - gov't repeatedly beat 'em; 1960's Nelson Mandela formed military operation but got jailed. US and European Economic Community ordered economic sanctions ending apartheid. Mandela became president
business regulation
fed. regulation of economic activity comes from a constitutional provision (constitution grants Congress power to lay & collect taxes for gen. welfare and "regulate commerce among the several states" < most laws based on those 2 powers) *timeline*
federal tax revenue
excise tax: 4% ; corporate income tax: 8% ; social insurance tax: 38% ; individual income tax: 46% ; other taxes 4%
mandatory sentencing
a system of fixed sentences for certain crimes
Poland
transition into democracy; joined EU in 2004; political party is the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) holds majority of seats in lower house of Parliament; 2001 economy problems > voters voted out Solidarity members > benefited Communist
mayor-council (form of local gov't)
most widely used form of municipal gov't. executive power belongs to an elected mayor, legislative to elected council. strong mayor/weak mayor systems
excise taxes (type of tax)
taxes on the manufacture, transportation, sale or consumption of goods and the performance of services
passport
a document entitling a traveler to certain protections established by international treaty
Premier
French prime minister: president appoints; names ministers of cabinet; Premier and cabinet answer to president, support president's programs and resonsible to deputies of the Nat'l Assembly
CCP
Chinese Communist Party: controls the nat'l gov't; "core of the leadership of the whole Chinese people"
state policy priorities
enviorment; protecting life and property; providing for education, health and welfare
Solidarity
trade union that emerged from underground resistance movement to sweep the first democratic elections since WW2; supported/strengthened by Pope John Paul II in fight against Poland's Communist gov't; leader Lech Walesa became first elected president
mandate
a formal order given by a higher authority
initiative
a method by which citizens propose an amendment or a law. initiative process begins when an ind or group writes a proposed amendment. people in favor circulate it as part of a petition to obtain the signatures of a required number of eligible voters
customs duties (type of tax)
taxes levied on goods imported into the US (aka tariffs or import duties)
Tiananmen Square
Beijing, China; 1989 Chinese military killed 100's of pro-democracy students that were protesting
marketing quotas
marketing limits set among farmers to market only an assigned portion of an overproduced crop
state tax income
accounts for more than 30% of all state tax revenues, compared to 10% in 1956. This tax is imposed on the earning of ind. and corporations
public utilities
organizations, privately or publicly owned, that supply such necessities as electricity, gas, telephone service, or transportation service
foreign policy concerns
war on terrorism, preemption against terrorist groups and rogue states, iraq war
3 branches of state gov't
executive, legislative, judicial (similar to fed gov't, but many judicial officials are elected, not appointed by pres)
Mao Zedong
1949 led Communist revolutionaries and led China for 30 years after; established a toltarian gov't controlled strictly by CCP that turned China into a socialist state (taking change of industries and farms)
multilateral treaty (type of treaties)
an international agreement signed by several nations

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