my whoooollleeeeee final set
Terms
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- GNP
- Gross National Product: the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year
- Nati'l Party Congress
- CCP's top governing body; 3000 members selected from dif. provincies meets 2 weeks/year; approve policies of party's leader
- constitutional commission
- a group of experts appointed to study the state constitution and recommend changes
- parliamentary gov't (type of democracy
- executive and legislative functions both reside in the elected assembly or parliament
- nuclear proliferation
- the spread of nuclear weapons
- bilateral treaty (type of treaties)
- an agreement involving only 2 nations
- estate & gift taxes (type of tax)
- estate tax is collected on the assets (property & money) of a person who dies (1million+); gift tax taxes on gifts of money (11,000+) from a living person
- PRI
- Institutional Revolutionary Party: led Mexico for 'bout 60 years and made it more authoritarian than democratic; 1994 candiate made voting more fair and gave other parties a chance
- Nelson Mandela
- ANC leader in 1960's; formed military operation and went to jail (1962); became world famous freedom symbol; released 1990; first elected president 1994
- Mexico
- transition into democracy; PAN dominant in mexican Congress but isn't complete majority; Vincente Fox current leader and will have to work with other parties in Congress to pass legislation
- constitutional convention
- meets to consider changing or replacing a constitution
- japanese diet
- parliament (legislature) of 2 houses: House of Councils (upper) and House of Representatives (lower); "soul lawmaking organ of the state" and has power over the nations fiscal policies
- local gov't revenue
- property tax, local income taxes, sales taxes, fines and fees, goverment-owned businesses
- commission form (form of local gov't)
- combines executive and legislative power in elected commission, usually 5-7 members. each heads a specific dept (police, fire, public works, finance and parks)
- social insurance taxes (type of tax)
- tax collected to pay for Social Security, Medicare and unemployment compensation programs. (treasury dept, not general gov't fund)
- consolidated democracies (type of democracy)
- countries with well-established democratic gov'ts
- Kyoto Protocol
- 1997; a int'l agreement, supplemented 1992 focused on timetables for reducing greenhouse emissions to target levels among participating nations; US signed in 1998; 1999 was voted against thought would harm economy and KP didn't hold developing industrial nations accountable
- ANC
- African Nat'l Congress: black nationalists group; wanted to end apartheid (segregation)
- Politburo
- party's Policital Burea; 20 top party leaders; standing committee made of CCP's top 7 leaders; makes key policital, economical and military decisions
- prime minister
- the leader of the executive branch of a parliamentary gov't
- EU
- European Union: intergovernmental organization created 1957; 6 westerns European nations cooperate politically and economically
- presidential gov't (type of democracy)
- a president heads the executive branch
- ANZUS
- a pact between New Zealand, Australia and US in 1951 to come to one anothers aid in the case of an attack. New Zealand adopted a policy to exclude nuclear weapons & ships from this agreement & so the US no longer gurantees their security (1986)
- alternative sentencing
- shock probation, shock incarceration, house arrest *not prison
- regressive taxes
- tax in which people with lower incomes pay a larger portion of their income
- referendum
- when the voters vote on an issue, instaead of the legislature
- council-manager form (form of local gov't)
- legislative and executive powers are seperated. council makes policy and acts as legislative body. a manager carries out the policies and serves as cheif administrator
- PAN
- Nat'l Action Party: 2000 canidate defeated PRI's and replaced as dominant party
- progressive taxes
- based on a taxpayer's ability to pay (higher taxable income = higher tax rate)
- state sponsored terrorism
- a gov't secretly supports terrorism
- workers' compensation
- payments recieved by people who are unable to work as a result of job-related injury or ill health
- incrementalism
- the term used to explain that the total budget changes little from year to year
- state constitutions
- the structure of a state gov't - establishes: the branches and outline the powers and method of election; types of local gov't, define their powers and duties, regulate the way state gov'ts can raise and spend money; agencies, boards and commissions that have power in areas that affect how citizens' live directly
- governors' powers
- legislative: propose legislation, send legislative messages, present new programs as party of state budget, arouse public opinion, veto power (item veto), call a special session of state legislature; judicial: appoint state judges, may have power of people convicted of crime (right to grant pardons, shorten sentences, waive fines, release prisoners on parole)
- corporate income tax (type of tax)
- income taxes paid by coporations (10% of fed. gov't revenue)
- South Africa
- followed apartheid (strict segregation of races enforced by gov't) in 1948; blacks hit the worst; ANC (African Nat'l Congress) pressed for reforms - gov't repeatedly beat 'em; 1960's Nelson Mandela formed military operation but got jailed. US and European Economic Community ordered economic sanctions ending apartheid. Mandela became president
- business regulation
- fed. regulation of economic activity comes from a constitutional provision (constitution grants Congress power to lay & collect taxes for gen. welfare and "regulate commerce among the several states" < most laws based on those 2 powers) *timeline*
- federal tax revenue
- excise tax: 4% ; corporate income tax: 8% ; social insurance tax: 38% ; individual income tax: 46% ; other taxes 4%
- mandatory sentencing
- a system of fixed sentences for certain crimes
- Poland
- transition into democracy; joined EU in 2004; political party is the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) holds majority of seats in lower house of Parliament; 2001 economy problems > voters voted out Solidarity members > benefited Communist
- mayor-council (form of local gov't)
- most widely used form of municipal gov't. executive power belongs to an elected mayor, legislative to elected council. strong mayor/weak mayor systems
- excise taxes (type of tax)
- taxes on the manufacture, transportation, sale or consumption of goods and the performance of services
- passport
- a document entitling a traveler to certain protections established by international treaty
- Premier
- French prime minister: president appoints; names ministers of cabinet; Premier and cabinet answer to president, support president's programs and resonsible to deputies of the Nat'l Assembly
- CCP
- Chinese Communist Party: controls the nat'l gov't; "core of the leadership of the whole Chinese people"
- state policy priorities
- enviorment; protecting life and property; providing for education, health and welfare
- Solidarity
- trade union that emerged from underground resistance movement to sweep the first democratic elections since WW2; supported/strengthened by Pope John Paul II in fight against Poland's Communist gov't; leader Lech Walesa became first elected president
- mandate
- a formal order given by a higher authority
- initiative
- a method by which citizens propose an amendment or a law. initiative process begins when an ind or group writes a proposed amendment. people in favor circulate it as part of a petition to obtain the signatures of a required number of eligible voters
- customs duties (type of tax)
- taxes levied on goods imported into the US (aka tariffs or import duties)
- Tiananmen Square
- Beijing, China; 1989 Chinese military killed 100's of pro-democracy students that were protesting
- marketing quotas
- marketing limits set among farmers to market only an assigned portion of an overproduced crop
- state tax income
- accounts for more than 30% of all state tax revenues, compared to 10% in 1956. This tax is imposed on the earning of ind. and corporations
- public utilities
- organizations, privately or publicly owned, that supply such necessities as electricity, gas, telephone service, or transportation service
- foreign policy concerns
- war on terrorism, preemption against terrorist groups and rogue states, iraq war
- 3 branches of state gov't
- executive, legislative, judicial (similar to fed gov't, but many judicial officials are elected, not appointed by pres)
- Mao Zedong
- 1949 led Communist revolutionaries and led China for 30 years after; established a toltarian gov't controlled strictly by CCP that turned China into a socialist state (taking change of industries and farms)
- multilateral treaty (type of treaties)
- an international agreement signed by several nations