ch.23 2
Terms
undefined, object
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- What is a mandate?
-
land that is to be governed by an outside power on behalf of the
League of Nations until it is ready for independence. - Zionist
- a member of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state.
- self determination
- the right of a people to decide their own political future.
- Ottoman Empire
-
an empire built by the Ottoman Turks that did not impose the
Islamic religion on non-Muslims. The empire included most of the Middle East and was the world’s last great empire. - West Bank
- A disputed territory of southwest Asia between Israel and Jordan west of the Jordan River. Part of Jordan after 1949, it was occupied by Israel in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. In 1994 an accord between Israel and the PLO was signed, giving Palestinians limited self-rule and requiring measured withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank.
- Gaza Strip
- a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt
- Arabs
- A member of a Semitic people inhabiting Arabia, whose language and Islamic religion spread widely throughout the Middle East and northern Africa from the seventh century or a member of an Arabic-speaking people.
- Intifada
- An uprising among Palestinian Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, beginning in late 1987 and continuing sporadically into the early 1990s, in protest against continued Israeli occupation of these territories
- PLO
- the abbreviation for Palestine Liberation Organization. It is the Palestinian government in exile. It was led by Yasser Arafat.
- Jews
- A Jew can be many things, n adherent of Judaism as a religion or culture, a member of the widely dispersed people originally descended from the ancient Hebrews and sharing an ethnic heritage based on Judaism, or a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Judah.
- David Ben-Gurion
- was the first prime minister of Israel. He was the one that said that if they didn’t control the desert, the desert would control them.
- Ariel Sharon
- is the Israeli prime minister. He chose a controversial path in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict by choosing the passive road
- Balfour Declaration
- the declaration states : "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country
- drip irrigation
- a process by which precisely controlled amounts of water drip directly onto plants from pipes, thus preserving precious water resources in dry areas.
- potash
- a mineral used in explosives and fertilizers comprised of table salt, bromine, and other minerals from the Dead Sea. Israel has built processing plants to extract this mineral
- Fertile Crescent
- A region in the Middle East where farming and the first civilizations developed. It stretches across the northern part of the Syrian Desert and extends from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The civilizations of Egypt, Phoenicia, Assyria, and Babylonia developed in this area, which was also the site of numerous migrations and invasions.
- militia
- a citizen army
- anarchy
- political disorder and violence; lawlessness
- embargo
- a strict restriction of trade with other countries
- infrastructure
- the basic support facilities of a community or country, such as bridges, roads, power plants, and schools
- alaj system
- an ancient system of underground and surface canals
- Gulf States
- The countries bordering the Persian Gulf in southwest Asia, including Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman
- Mecca
- A city of western Saudi Arabia near the coast of the Red Sea. The birthplace of Muhammad, it is the holiest city of Islam and a pilgrimage site for all devout believers of the faith. Population: 689,010
- Kaaba
- A Muslim shrine in Mecca toward which the faithful turn to pray
- Hajj
- A pilgrimage to Mecca during Dhu’l Hijja, made as an objective of the religious life of a Muslim
- Mohammed
- American activist and leader of the Nation of Islam. He was believed to have been talked to by an angel that was sent by Allah
- secular
- , not related to religion. In the 1970s and 1980s, parties believed that Turkey’s government should be secular, or that it should be run without religious influences and Islamic parties fought one another for power.
- shah
- the title of the former ruler of Iran. When Reza Khan seized power in 1925, he declared himself Iran’s shah
- Ayatollah
- religious leader among Shiite Muslims. Some conservative ayatollas though that Iran should be governed in strict obedience to Islamic law.
- OPEC
- the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that meets regularly to decide how much oil to sell at which price. Most of the Middle East and Venezuela are in OPEC.
- theocracy
- a government ruled by or subject to religious authority
- chadors
- long black cloaks that women are supposed to wear in Iran
- Palestinian Israeli conflict
- This is and ongoing conflict between the Arabs and Jews in Israel. This conflict is over land, or so it seems. The Jews and Arabs have fought many wars against each other, and this war is still going on. The Arabs and Jews have been working on peace treaties
- Democracy
- government in which political power is retained by all the people, a government of the people, by the people, and for the people
- Republic
- a representative democracy. Elected officials exercise power vested in hem by sovereign citizens
- Constitutional monarchy
- government in which the powers of the monarch are limited by and defined by a constitution
- Oligarchy
- rule of the government by a few persons
- Totalitarianism
- system in which a highly centralized government is controlled exclusively by one partly and maintained by political suppressions
- Fascism
- one-party system of government with individual subjected to the control of the state often by secret police, military police, censorship and government control of finance, industry, and commerce
- Feudalism
- a Medieval system in which vassals received land holdings in exchange for military or other service and homage to their lords
- Matriarchy
- society ruled by a woman with descent and succession being traced through the female’s line
- Three branches of government
- the three branches of government are the executive, judicial, and legislative. The executive runs the state, the judicial enforces the law, and legislative make the laws.
- Three levels of government
- there are three levels of government, federal, local, and state. The federal government takes care of the whole country, the state government takes care of only that certain state, and the local government takes care of a city or county
- Checks and balances
- a complex system to ensure that no one branch of the United States government would exceed the power and authority of another.
- Declaration of independence
- the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain.
- Preamble
- a preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document that serves to explain its purpose
- Constitution
- both the principles that define a system of government and to the written document that establishes such a system
- Bill of Rights
- a statement of rights and privileges guaranteed to a people against violation by the state, especially in the U.S. it refers to the first ten amendments to the Constitution, also the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the U.N.
- Resolution
- a court decision
- Referendum
- a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
- Petition
- a solemn supplication or request to a superior authority; an entreaty.
- Term
- a period of time that is assigned to a person to serve
- Veto
- the vested power or constitutional right of one branch or department of government to refuse approval of measures proposed by another department, especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature and thus prevent or delay its enactment into law
- Civil disobedience
- Refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means
- Civil rights
- The rights belonging to an individual by virtue of citizenship, especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and by subsequent acts of Congress, including civil liberties, due process, equal protection of the laws, and freedom from discrimination
- Electoral College
- the group of individuals who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
- Platform
- a statement of issues announced at party conventions
- Democrat
- one who favors a democracy as the best form of government or a member of the Democratic Party
- Republican
- one who favors a republic as the best form of government or a member of the Republican Party
- Presidential Election 2004
- the Presidential election that took place on November 2, 2004 where the current President George W. Bush won the election against Senator John Kerry and is now going to serve another four year term as President of the United States of America