Race and Ethnicity, Exam 3
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- Russian Refugees
- Say "I Defect", given political asylum, Usually portrayed as artists, ballerinis, scientists, Now cold war is over, they are portrayed as mafia
- Leonard Peltier
- fled to Canada, brought back; He was a criminal, but evidence is clear that he wasn't involved in it (wounded knee shootout after with fbi)
- Southern Manifesto
- group of anti integration of politicians
- 1965
- UFW formed in
- Lyndon Johnson
- LJ: one of three senators who refused to sign the southern manifesto's refusal of brown v board
- Wounded Knee II
- Pine ridge reservation (right next to wounded knee); AIM put forth a program that wanted to remove dick Wilson; ; They want a traditional force of elders in the area, not an assimilated one; Goons break up the rallies against dick Wilson; AIM decided to physically take him out of office (feb-may 1973) (seized his offices); States police come to assist; Then national guard is called in (101st airborne); Only 2 native Americans died; A peace talk ensues, they leave as long as fed govt investigates dick Wilson; 2 years after, they wait for victory, politically they never get one;
- Violence
- it is believed that this is the only thing that gets the government involved and nation's attention
- McCaran-Walter Act - 1952
- Trying to raise the quotas placed on Asians; Unfair to use quotas on individuals who weren't allowed to enter the U.S. at the time; If you're trying to enter u.s, you can't use your mother colony's quotas (must use the country)
- Stokely Carmichael
- Organization...Preparing for the future
- Bus Boycotts
- Citizen's council was formed to take away politicians who supported the movement; Supreme court indigted 90 black leader boycotters...it back fired and went to the press; happened in Tallahassee too, required them to shut down buses because of lack of revenue and that hurt other businesses
- Voters Rights Bill of 1965
- rise of black power, More people are turning to self defense and sensitivism to racism, brought to attention by stokely carmichael??
- 1964
- Fish Ins
- Alijah Muhammed
- takes over after W.D. Fard leaves (Nation of Islam);
- National Farm Workers Association
- founded by Cesar Chavez; Got healthcare for farm workers, pensions was given a boost by united farm workers (UFW)
- Uptight - 1968
- Portray black separatist groups like the IRA members were shown ; Took an old ira film called 'the informer'
- Black Panther Party For Self Defense
- founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton; focused on civil rights, self defense and protection from police brutality; Newton wanted to create an organization that protected them from the enemy...; The enemy was also criminal blacks (drug dealers)..anyone that made black power look bad
- Refugees: points of origin
- Baltic States, Cuba, S.E. Asia. USSR
- Displaced Persons act - 1948
- Trying to help those individuals fleeing Europe or pacific.; Specifically looking at the Baltic States; Escaping anti Semitism and communism---------------LOOPHOLE: Congressmen states that at least 30% of these individuals have to be farmers, jews can't own land in europe, they don't want jews..NOT PASSED
- 1968
- JDL formed
- Brown power
- mexicans force in movement
- Daffy Duck
- Portrayed as a black man
- Wounded Knee II shootout after
- June 26, 1975 a shootout occurs leaving 2 fbi and one member of aim dead; They blame 3 members of aim, but cases are thrown out of court (not enough evidence)
- AIM
- American Indian Movement - Minneapolis, 1968 - Intent: Native American Pride and Self-Defense; Trribes from all over country come to this visit;
- Chicano Pride
- Mexican american students weren't allowed to take upper level classes..only allowed to take shop, classes like that; ; Walkouts in las angeles assisted by Black Panthers They were beaten and arrested
- Effects of riots
- Migration away from inner city (Income leaves city, schools suffer (lack of taxes)), Report on national advisory commission on civil disorders (states racism still a problem, put money into inner city), Polarizes nation (white against black nation) (whites that were sympathetic movement feel betrayed, people that were against the movement now uses this to justify their racism) ----Riots weren't a race issue, was a class issue
- Montgomery Bus Boycott - 1955
- Montgomery, Alabama - Rosa Parks - Myth about her being little old lady was true...but she was also a member of the naacp and this was kind of planned...admin for Montgomery chapter; right individual (unblemished record); already in the black section; originally about separate but equal; MLK's first exposure
- Brown v Board - 1954
- Ending segregation? Dejure; Tepeka, Kansas (board of tepeka, Kansas); But aimed at everyone..virginia, Delaware; No longer is segregation allowed / segregation de jure is outlawed; SECOND RULING: With all deliberate speed ..becomes segregation de facto; takes a long time..over 20 years; SOUTHERN MANIFESTO REFUSED TO COMPLY WITH SUPREME COURT
- Freedom Summer - 1964
- it was to ensure the vote..at that time in Mississippi, only 2% of blacks could vote; Some people didn't want whites to participate in coalition to get voters going (they didnt want to give credit to the whites);Violence ensued at Philadelphia, Mississippi; 3 demonstrators missing (2 whites ..michal shwarner and Andrew Goodman, one black student james chney), found dead, killed by police and kkk, mlk claimed them to be martyrs
- C.K. Steel Plaza
- named after a reverend from w.v., it is located in Tallahassee and it is named after him because he organized a bus boycott in Tallahassee
- War Brides Act - 1945
- Legally allowed families of servicemen to come into u.s.; Over 125,000 families allowed in
- COPS
- Makes all people look bad in low class (it is a class issue)
- Cesar Chavez
- Wanted to do stuff for Field worker / farmer Used MLK's ideology (wanted to mobilize individuals and organize) Tried to get equality for field workers / farmers Served during wwII His parents were Mexican Americans Founded national farm workers association His idea of success was having equality Implemented the marches in CA When people refused to work in fields, they would be arrested and/or beat Used tactics of Ghandi (hunger strikes) Met with kennedy; He died at 66 (1993); received an award from mexico for helping
- Project C
- Confrontation, Children, used Use children as demonstrators; Using them, creates sympathy, also allows family to continue..if the father is arrested, family is stuck, if children are, the cause is still active and the family can continue
- Three The Hard Way - 1974
- One of final forms of the genre; Nfl great jim brown, big stars; Group of white supremiscists put a serium in water supply and it kills only blacks;
- Hart Celler Act - 1965
- Race, Nationality and color NOT a factor of who gets in U.S.; Immediate Relatives given priority (before individuals that had a skill); National Quotas OUT, Continental Ceilings IN; N American / S American IN; 500,000 mexicans deported out of U.S.
- (Disenti) Ebor
- from the first wave of cuban refugees..he went to Tampa, created Ebor city..it turned into the central of tampa's economy
- Superfly - 1972
- Gordon parks junion directed it; Hero of this film is a pimp / drug dealer - his enemy is white society;
- 1969
- Fred Hampton Dies
- Spanish American War - 1880s-1890s
- first wave of cuban immigration to u.s.; Cuba wanted to move away from spain, and wanted to adopt u.s. politics;
- Birmingham church bombing - september, 1963
- 4 girls killed (14 yr olds and 11yr old); 3 people convicted (Robert Chamblice, 10 yr later; Thomas Blanton, Robert Cherry); their family is associated with racism even if they aren't
- Blackface
- Going on old stereotypes to make fun of them; Makes individuals always represent a group in a film..like using black slang all the time to reinforce the stereotype;
- Fort Chaffe, Arkansas
- Marielitos primarily sent there, To prove that you are a political dissident and not a criminal, They were interrogated, put in camps, then maybe released, Elvisy Presley (getting his haircut pic) was stationed there, Castro was trying to see how the U.S. would react to a large group of poor, dark complexion individuals; KKK rallied outside there, sometimes attacked after leaving;
- Richard Oaks
- wanted to sieze alcatrez to call attention to native Americans; Member of Mohawk tribe and aim
- Roots
- Influenced so much exploration of the history..during black power movement; Written by alex haily; He also wrote superfly tnt and the autobiography of Malcolm x
- Nicaragua, Haiti
- can we give these countries refugee status? no because they aren't communist and we don't want to look bad if they turn communist (even if they are having major problems)
- Black Panthers - Chicago
- Fbi fears that at any moment there will be a racial war in Chicago; People came for a party, stayed overnight; Fbi thought that the racial war was going to start the next day; They raided the apartment at 4am; 2 are dead (one of them was sleep when he was shot?); Fred Hampton was shot to death...unarmed; Civil rights movement turned into the only way to fight was with guns ...FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS THE ENEMY,,THAT IS THE NEW THING///NOW IT IS NOT ONLY A SOUTH THING BUT ENTIRE NATION PROBLEM
- Fred Hampton
- Leader of black panther party in Chicago 3 years after black panthers were formed on west coast(it spread)
- Fish-Ins
- the right to fish - Indians, in NW, were allowed to fish on lakes and then it was taken away because businesses wanted to; So they would sit there and mobilize there until the cops came
- Winston Churchill
- prime minister of great Britain during WWII
- Malcolm X: insight
- he goes to mecca, Sees differences and now reevaluates race (he now is friendly with whites); Says whites can be trusted, just white u.s. citizens cant be trusted (because of their policies; came back in 64' assasinated in 65'; was never associated with violence but with the threat of violence and self defense;
- Stokely Carmichael
- a voice of youth and the angry..involved in civil rights movement; might say that for years, blacks have been murdered and killed, noone did anything..now 2 white guys die and things get done; Part of Loundes County Freedom Organization, he calls for organization and black power (he is concerned with what happens afterwards, when they leave)
- 1968
- AIM formed
- MLK, SCLC, CORE, SNCC
- organized the march on Washington
- Red Power
- American Indian force in movement
- Laurie Pritchett - Albany, Georgia
- Police commissioner decided to arrest them instead of beating them. this is where it came to a stalemate; a hault; no violence
- Joe Jitsu
- Sidekick of dick tracy..; mocked Japanese American and Asians...; shows the hypocrisy of it
- MLK Jr
- Mobilization...traditional civil rights
- Rodnell Collins
- Malcolm x's nephew; Biography of Malcolm x, titled '7th child'; Says the documentary was to place fear in white citizens and persuade other blacks not to join them; Propaganda against nation of islam;
- Refugee Act - 1980
- Targets others..cuba, SE asia...fast tracked, given priority because escaping
- Refugees protected?
- Baltics, YES, Cubans, first wave, YES (c 1959, South East Asians, Yes), Mexicans, No; Cubans, Second Wave, c. 1980, YES with some problems (had to prove); Haitians and Salvadorans? YES; Russians? NO, until the wall comes down
- Blaxploitation
- films that make blacks look bad
- "The Hate that Hate Produced" - 1959
- The nation first got it's sight of nation of islam through this film
- Shaft in Africa - 1973
- Shows the exploitation image of black males ...shaft 2
- Marielitos - 1980
- criminals of cold war, Castro told u.s. to come and take the refugees..if communism is so bad; So they gave them all the people in institutions..but a lot of them are bad; Came in large numbers; Came by boat, not greeted happily; Most go to liberty tower in Miami; Some go to texas, new Orleans, new york, new jersey AND (we don't associate with Cuban immigration) Arkansas (1 in 5 ended up there);
- W.D. Fard
- Founder of nation of islam; from new zealand; goes by wallace d fard, wallace d farute; He was trying to instill black pride (only allowed blacks or middle eastern, targeted blacks..blacks went along with it because they felt wronged by the govt)
- Lerone Bennet
- Denounced Sweetback's baadassss song; wrote for eviney magazine denouncing this film in 'the emancipation orgasm'; Denounced it as fantasy, not revolutionary
- March on Washington - august 28, 1963
- intention of this was to get a civil rights act, 250,000 people showed up; MLK spoke, JFK said there should be a civil rights act; signed by Lyndon Johnson (kennedy's v.p.)
- 1965
- Leaonard peltier
- Al Gore Senior
- AGS: one of three senators who refused to sign the southern manifesto's refusal of brown v board
- Core, SCLC, Junius Griffin, NAACP
- they form a coalition against blaxploitation films; Claims it is destroying youth and perpetuating stereotypes; He doesn't want these to continue so they don't do harm to the youth
- Anne Moody
- member of civil rights movement from jackson, mississippi, participated in woolworth's lunchcounter sit in
- Rev. James Beel
- Stopped demonstration in birmingham, alabama to prevent riot
- Lyndon Johnson
- mad at results of black power, doesn't invite MLK to conference in 1968
- Sit Ins - 1960
- Greensboro, NC - 4 students defy segregation, sit at segregated lunch counters in department store, then more show up, 4th day 300 show up; they are arrested and beat; continues until they allow it..it spread to other cities (FSU and famu even took part here)
- Jewish Defense League - 1966
- Rabbi Meir Kahane - Similar to tactics of black panther (pride and self defense)1968 in brookly, by 1922 had 15,000 members; 1966 - oakland California; became more radical when rabbi left, splintered off into radical organizations and made fbi list of terrorist organizations
- Dick Wilson
- he assimilated (he was native American); lead politician of pine ridge reservation (called a demoga, corrupt); Rules with a heavy hand, his own police force (the goons), backed by FBI; He lets local white thugs do whatever to native Americans, corrupt (accepts money etc)
- 1966
- UFW March on capitol
- Patronship
- The idea that a white superhero needs a black sidekick; Paternalism..that a.a.'s need someone to look after them; Seen in miami vice, different strokes, annie Seen in miami vice, different strokes, annie
- 1966
- BPP Formed
- KANES Group
- SCLC - southern christian leadership conference or CORE (Congress on racial equality) -----associated with religion, but core is more mainstream
- Island of Alcatrez
- closed in 1963, In 1969, Richard Oaks and 14 others officially discover it.; Then, 100 native Americans show up; They are allowed to stay because the govt doesn't think they will stay; They stay months..news crews show up, it gains popularity; 19 months later, federal marshalls come...but radical members of aim have already left ; so when they get there it is more homeless people, drug users, etc..makes the movement look badIt was a political success...sent out message that aim wants delivered (crime rates, alcoholism, etc)
- Black Power Movement - 1968
- Black panther party formed...after voting rights and integration; their enemy is white police officer; where are white members of this group
- Sweet Sweetback's Baadassss Song - 1971
- first Black Ploytation film; Melvin Van Peebles; He was the director, writer and star of the film; He personifies black power movement; Cost 150,000 to make, made 10,000,000 in first year; It was very successful; Spawned a genre from this film (major Hollywood protections)
- racial disorders - 1966
- 134 racial disorders in 9 months; 33 states had to call national guard
- 1973
- Wounded Knee II
- Nation of Islam
- founded in 1930s; They actually didn't want integration, they liked segregation; originally called cult of muslims; Nation of Islam appeals to people in the NE, major metropolitan areas; headquarters centered in Chicago; But mosques opened up all over the place like harlem and Detroit
- Civil Rights Movement: Objectives
- end segregation (1st), ensure voting rights (2nd) (should have been done in 1860s but loopholes prevented it..called SECOND RECONSTRUCTION ERROR)
- MLK assasination - 1968
- blew riots out of proportion, spread across country
- Huey Newton
- Favors the film (sweetbacks'); Said it was a true black film; Glorified it In his film 'he wont beat me); Bill cosby donated for the film
- SHAFT - 1971
- Was changed from the success of sweetback, role was written for a white actor, they changed it; ; They added slang and all that into it to make it more appealing to younger black viewers; Richard Roundtree
- Post Castro Immigration - 1959
- castro takes over in cuba, Average immigrant that came over was wealthy and had the potential to make a lot of money...upper middle class and more educated..would come over as a family, lighter in complection; Come over in small numbers
- SNCC
- Student non violent coordinating committee
- North Korea
- Which Korea is bad (not democracy)?
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- finally passed after freedom summer, young start to doubt non violence, start using self defense,
- Refugee Act - 1953
- Baltic states and korea given relief to come to u.s. through this act
- Islamic Education
- Religion was seen as a mystic, spiritual group; People say it was for W.D. Fard to make money
- Desi Arnez
- dated a white woman
- Blacula - 1973
- Digressed,,,went into strange and unrelated to blacks; Take any old cliché or plot, put blacks and slang in there, it becomes blaxploitation films...false and stupid; Baxenstein 72'
- Malcolm X
- (most wellknown, outspoken, charismatic member of nation of islam..NOT LEADER); Born Malcom Little in Omaha, Nebraska; father was murdered (preacher), mother institutionalized, malcom is angry at whites and blames them for parents demise; gets into crime; arrested, converted to islam in jail by brother; believed whites and blacks shouldn't integrate; self defense, Called king and civil rights movement cowards RE: burmingham and children hit by firehoses; suspended from nation of islam because he discredited it by laughing at jfk assasination
- Yellow Power
- Asians force in movement
- Arsenio Hall
- Looks specifically about core audience
- Puyallup fish-ins - 1964
- Bob Satiacum was a tribe leader who was arrested at this fish in, it was overturned by surpeme court
- Eugene Bull Connor - Birmingham, Alabama
- a new place to bring the civil rights movement, he is a Noted white supremisicits, racist, police commissioner; place is full of racial violence, says they didn't act violently enough with demonstrators; civil rights movement use children as demonstrators; police dogs, fire hoses (100lb of pressure), story told all over world (then the u.s. worried what the world thought of them), it was stopped by rev. james beel (prevented a riot)
- 1968
- Students walk out
- 1968
- Massive riots
- alex haily
- wrote roots, superfly tnt, autobiography of malcom x
- Iceberg Slim
- Pimp, and poetry (ice cube and T got their names from him); Austin powers..; Undercover brother
- Civil Rights Movement: Details
- black lead, black in spirit, validates black activism, Cut ground away from moderate politicians ( You are either seen as with the movement or against it..no middle), Jim Crow will put up a fight (when violence ensues), Focus on when average citizens will make a difference
- Black Power
- it's about culture;aftermath of the civil rights movement (2nd wave); loss of direction;
- 1964
- Civil Rights Act
- Haki R. Madhubuti
- Was for black power movement, but came out against the film (baadasss), Thought it was a money making, fantasy
- Watts, 1965
- Southern CA - Markette Fried pulled over and arrested, altercation began; riots began, 30 deaths, 60,000 people affected by it (lack of organization, laws), 30,000 people arrested; spread to detroit, newark
- The Lost Man - 1969
- They wanted an important black actor...sydney poydye; He wasn't really viewed as a radical