Johnson's World Civ Final
Terms
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- Atahualpa
- the Incan leader
- Hernan Cortes
- Spanish conquistador-conquered the Aztecs
- Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas (Peru) captured Atahualpa
- Astrolabes
- Muslim tool that lets you look at the stars-for navigation
- Caravels
- 1400s-European shp with new improvemetns
- Bullions
- gold money
- Triangular Trade
- slave trade between Europe, Africa, and teh Americas
- the Middle Passage
- middle leg of the triangular trade (carted the Africans)
- Northwest passage
- trying to find a passage from America to Asia (didn't exist)
- conquistador
- spanish conqueror or soldier in the Americas
- cartographer
- mapmaker
- circumnavigation
- going around the world
- Amerigo Vespucci
- helped columbus, america's namesake
- John Cabot
- Henry VII commissioned him to find a northern route to the area columbus found, reason Britain had a claim in the americas
- Eric the Red
- Lief Ericsson's father, exiled from Iceland, found Greenland
- Lief Ericsson
- returned to Norway, converted to Christianity
- Bartholomeu Diaz
- Portuguese explorer who tried to find the southern tip of Africa, proved ships could reach Asia by sailing around Africa (Cape of GOod Hope)
- James VI of Scotland
- also James I of England...the king
- Peter the Great
- Peter I, took over Russian throne and tried to make it European
- Ivan IV
-
Ivan the terrible
one of the most powerful of teh early czars, cruel, religious, took many steps against boyars/nobles to reduce threat, had a secret police - Catherine II
-
Catherine the Great-sezed teh throne from her husband, Peter III
Empress of Russia until 1796
influenced by western thinking, good to the people, successful foreign policy, expanded Russian borders-warm water port, defeated Ottoman Turks, last of teh great absolute monarchs of the 18th century - Louis XIV
- the most powerful Bourbon monarch, king when he was 5, 72 year reign, se thte style for European monarchies
- absolutism
- a form of government where power is held by individual or group
- intendant
- special agents of the crown with authority over government affairs in France
- dvorianie
- new class of Russian landed nobility established by Peter the Great
- Divine Right
- ruler gets power and authority from G-d
- pinchpenny
- a miserly person
- hypothesis
- solution proposed to explain set of facts which can be tested
- Rene Descartes
- encorporated scientific thought into philosophy, analytic geometry
- John Locke
- life, liberty, and property; people give up rights to government for protection
- Copernicus
- Polish astronomer at forefront of scientific revolution
- natural law
- universal moral law, understood by applying reason
- Newton
- wrote the Principia, work of gravity and optics
- Bacon
-
I LIKE BACON!
scientfic method - Voltaire
-
pen name for Francois Marie Arouet
French author and deist,
poetry, plays, essays and books
wrote satire and challenged notions that everythign that happens happens for the best, exiled - Enlightened despot
- monarchs who practiced ideas of enlightenment
- Galileo
- astronomer, world is round
- Gutenburg
- invented the printing press
- Salon
- French gathering, where enlightened intellectuals met for conversation
- Methodism
- led by John Wesley stretched value of personal religious experience
- John Wesley
- led ideas of Methodism
- Reign of Terror
- Jacobins crushing all opposition in France
- Girondists
- moderates in French revolution, felt that the revolution had gone far enough, protect wealthy/middle class from radical attacks
- Declaration of the Rights of man and the citizen
- French equivalent to American declaration of independence and bill of rights
- Bastille
- Paris prison (political prisoners)
- Waterloo
- 1815, French troops defeated, Napoleon imprisoned
- lycees
- secondary schools designed to provide well educated patriotic government workers
- Bourgeoisie
- French middle class or 3rd estate
- Sans Culottes
-
shopkeepers, artisans, and workers (Parisians)involved in French revolution
(wanted respect) - Napoleonic Code
- Napoleon made old French laws clear and ocnsistent
- Coup d'etat
- overthrowing of government by the people
- conscription
- draft
- balance of power
- distribution of power to keep one nation from take others over
- industrial capitalism
- continuing investing in factories and new business
- entrepeneurs
- wealthy class that helped start businesses
- enclosure movements
- trend for large landowners to enclose their land and public land, forcing the poorer farmers who farmed the public lands to move to cities
- collective bargaining
- negotiations between union reps and employers
- factory system
- method of production on a factory
- business cycle
- alternating periods of decline and incline of economy
- utilitarianism
- economic principle, developed by Jeremy Bentham, social and political actiosn should be useful to humans
- laissez faire
- economic principle, government doesn't place restrictions on economy
- Charles Darwin
- father of natural selection
- Adam Smith
- the Wealth of Nations, capitalism, invisible hand
- Karl Marx
- father of socialism-"Communist Manifesto"
- urbanization
- making countryside into cities
- zemstov/zemstvo
- local assembly in czarist Russia
- duma
- Russian national legislature
- pogrom
- beating of Jews in Russia
- jengoism
- extreme patriotism
- russification
- policy of enforcing Russian language and customs on others
- camillo de cavour
-
helped found the newspaper "Il Risorgimento"
became prime minister or Sardinia
Sardinian statesman and chief architect of Italy's unification - risorgimento
- name given for italian unity
- nihilism
- the russian political movement of the late 1800s that rejected all authority and advocated terrorism
- partition
- to divide a region
- protectorate
- a country whose policies are are guided by a foreign nation
- Axis Powers
- against the Allied powers in WW2-Germany,Italy, Russia (at the beginning), Japan, some African countries
- Gavrilo Princip
- the 19 year old member of Black Hnad who killed the Archduke and his wife, sparking WWI
- Gallipolo
- Britain attacked teh Turkish at Gallipoli to shift their attention from Flanders -Turks defeated the British
- Fascism
- political philosophy based on nationalism and an all-powerful state
- weimar republic
-
the german democratic republic which lasteed from 1919-1933
caused political instability, there was a nationalistic coup in 1920 (page 783) - surrealism
- 20th century art movement using distorted, surprising images
- syndicates
- under fascism, an organization of workers and employers in an industry
- proletariat
- in Marxist theory, the working class
- Mao Zedong
- leader of the Red army in China, became the COmmunist dictator
- civil disobedience
- nonviolent refusal to obey or practice a law thought unjust
- pacifist
- a person who is opposed to war or violence as a way to settle disputes
- pearl harbor
- the japanese attacked the US at Pearl Harbor, causing the US to enter WW2-november 1941
- gestapo
-
the nazi secret police, also known as the SS
arrested Jews and political opponents - sanctions
- penalties and restrictions imposed on a nation for breaking internation law
- cold war
- the era of political tension in which the US and teh SOviet Union competed for world influence without actual armed conflict
- the iron curtain
- the border between communist russia nd europe-term was first used by Winston Churchill
- McCarthyism
- the leveling of public accusations of political subversion without regard to evidence
- satellites
- nations in the iron curtain region that are controlled by the Soviet Union
- Chiang Kai-Shek
-
leader of the Guomindang party in China
first, allied with Communist Russia, then turned against the Communists and killed them all - stalemate
- a situation in wich two opponents are unable to move significantly or make further gains
- Charlie
- code name for Viet Cong
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- the leader of Italy after Ferdinand II
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- the most effective speaker for teh Risorgimento
- Kulturkampf
- cultural struggle between Church and state the Bismarck faced with the Catholic Church
- Metternich
- the principal political figure in Austria during the early 1800s who believed democratic and nationalist movements would destroy the Austrian Empire and threated peace in Europe
- realpolitik
- political theory that national success justifies the use of any means
- decembrist revolt
- the revolt of officers after the napoleonic wars who staged a militay revolt but failed
- "White Man's Burden"
- Rudyard Kipling, a British author, captured the esence of teh imperialist attitude in this poem, which was addressed to the US
- westernization
- the speread of European culture
- sphere of influence
- area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive rights to trade or invest
- central powers
- germany, austria-hungary, ottoman empire, bulgaria-during WWI
- allied powers
- fought against central and axis powers, england, france, russia, usa, etc
- black hand
- union of death, the group wo assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, spark for WWI
- Wilson's 14 points
- a peace plan whose terms included international recognition of freedom of the seas and trade, limitations on arms, and an end to all secret alliances
- reparations
- payments for damages
- zimmerman telegram
- the british intercepted this message from germany to mexico about mexico attacking the us in return for receiving the ladn lost in the Mexican war
- lusitania
- a british passenger liner that was sunk by germans, killing over 1,000 people
- collectivization
- under stalin, a system to combine land into large farms owned by the government and worked by the peasants
- new deal
- FDR's plan that believed the federal governemnt had to aid the stricken economy and provide relief for the unemployed
- social democratic party
-
lassalle, pushed teh universal german workingmen's association to merge with teh social democratic party to become a major political force
(the nazi party?!) - cubism
- 20th century art style that abstracts natural forms into geometric shapes
- purge
- an official effort to remove people that a governemtn considers undesirable
- disarmament
- limiting or reducing military forces and weapons
- Il Duce
- "the leader" in Italian. Mussolini called himself this after the Fascist-controlled parliament gave Mussolini new powers
- Kristallnacht
- Nazi terrorist attacks, November 9-10, 1938, on Jewish property in Germany and Austria
- concentration camps
- place where Jews were taken during the Holocaust. most famous were auschwitz and buchenwald. at the camps, jews were starved, beaten and worked to death, finally liberated at the end of WWII
- Pan-Africanism
- movement encouraging unity and cooperation among African nations
- Harry THuku
- Kenyan activist-1921 protested European presence in Kenya, complainign about high colonial taxes and strick British labor laws-the British let Europeans establish plantations and hired Kenyans for little money and made them work under harsh conditions-in 1921 colonial officers arrest him during protest--riots caused--he is exiled
- Mahatma
- term given to Gandhi, meanign "great soul"
- Satyagraha
- term used by Gandhi which means truth force. this was used to describe the nonviolent protests that he led after the Amritsar massacre
- Mohandas Gandhi
- indian nationist leader. helped rid india of the british. promoted hindu//muslim unity in the indian national congress. around during formation of pakistan, used nonviolent protest like salt march to get rid of british. did lots of fasting, and was shot by Hindu
- jomo kenyatta
- took over the nationalist movement in the absence of thuku. met with government officials to fight for independence, wrote facing mount kenya
- midway
- the battle of midway. americans defeat japanese navy and ends japanese naval superiority in the pacific
- battle of the bulge
- a desperate offensive by Hitler. germans cut through american forces, creating a great bulge. checked the Germans offensive at Bastogone-then crossed the Rhine river
- blitz
- battle tactic-massive ngith bombings-used in London by Germany-bombed for 57 consecutive nights
- lend-lease
- US policy during WWII-lend equipment to any country to any defense US deemed valid to the nation security of the US
- appeasement
- policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in order to maintain peace-chamberlain wanted to grant Hitler's demands-but Hitler said "demands were now useless"
- collective security
- Britain, France, and teh US couldn't agree on what was needed to defend their common interests against attack
- warsaw pact
- military agreement between NATO and the Soviet Union (and its Eastern European Allies)-real purpose was to strengthn Soviet hold on Eastern Europe as to defend it. 1968-Soviet Union appealed treaty to justify invasion of Czechoslovakia
- marshall plan
- created by secretary of state george c. marshall, this was a play to provide aid to europe immediately after WWII to avoid another economic downfall and then another world war
- Berlin Blockade
- a plan used by the Russians to cut off all land access from the West into west berlin. the US and other western nations considered and rejected the idea of using force to regain access. instead, they came up with the idea of airlifting needed supplies to the isolated city which was dependent on western supplies for survival.
- cuban missile crisis
- krushchev started to secretly install nuclear missiles on cuba. kennedy blockaded cuba andforced khrushchev to withdraw the missiles. a significant event in teh cold war-signed a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
- containment
- US policy designed to prevent the spread of communism-isolating the communist nations to make teh communist ideas dissolve
- dissident
- a person who openly criticizes the policies of his or her government
- peaceful coexistence
- a policy created by Khrushchev in which the Soviets would compete with the west but avoid actual war
- COMECON
- US policy designed to prevent the spread of communism-isolating the communist nations to make teh communist ideas dissolve
- truman doctrine
- this doctrine states that the US would take on the international responsibilities as the leaders of the western world
- the kitchen debate
- in 1959, VP nixon visited an expo of American products with Soviet leader Krushchev. the 2 leaders got into an argument on the merits of capitalism vs. communism. the argument became known as teh "kitchen debate"because the 2 men were standing in front of a model kitchen display
- sputnik 1
- first space satellite-launched by Soviet Union in 1957-stunned US. caused "technology race"
- NATO
- stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, unites the countries in that region together in an alliance consisting of US, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Canada, Greece, Turkey, and Germany
- Domino Theory
- the belief that if one country in a region fell to communism, its neighbors would fall as well
- Ho Chi Minh
- the leader of Vietminh, the communist government in Vietnam
- pragmatists
- in China, a moderate who advocated economic reforms and trade with the west
- Agent Orange
- chemical used for clearing out areas of woods and trees, linked to birth diseases and cancer
- Napalm
- chemical used for clearing out areas of woods and trees