308 lecture proper
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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Emotional Intelligence
what is it - EI ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotion to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and action
- Measuring EI
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ability to identify perceive emotions
ability to use emotions to facilitate thought
ability to understand emotions
ability to manage ones own emtions - dimension 1 percieving and identifying emtions requries
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paying attention to an emotion
accurately decoding emotional signals in individual and objects
emotional landscape how much an emtion is portrayed - dimension 2 using emtions to facilitate thought
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ability to impact cognative process by mobalziing the appropriate emtions
what emtions are arent helpfull when taking a test it helps to be only a little bit anxous - dimension 3 understanding emotion
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comprehending the relationship between emotions
how they change over time
having a rich emotional vocabulary - dimension 4 managing emtions
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understanding and using emotions effectively
maintain emotions (maintain a good mood) - the importance of EI in life
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buisness leaders with a high EI have shown to be more effective leaders
children with higher EI have higher achedmic and socail acheivement - how do we learn emotional intelligence
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modeling learning it from others
foundations
parents, siblings and relatives - emotion defined
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emotions are mutli component brief specific responses to challenges or opportunities that are important to a individuals goal.
emotions are natures way of triggering useful behavioral response accompanied with a internal model embodied experienced to a given situation. - circumplex model of emtions
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negative postive high arousal verses low arousal
anger vs irritiation - mild arousal vs high arousal, even though they are both negative emtions.
Shame and Guilt, negative high arousal even though they are both negative emtions - CD anti attitudinal essay
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if cognitive dissonance is aversive, it should be accompanied by high arousal level
subjects were induced to write essays
free choice vs no choice condition
free choice condition changed there opinoin more - CD and sugar pill study
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1/3 told them the pill would make them feel anxous
1/3 said it would make them feel caulm
1/3 control
they showed the greatest dissonance when they told the pill would make them calm and no dissonance when the pill said it would make them feel anxous. - CD and Self Affirmation
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affirming ones good qualities can help reduce threats to self produced during dissonance
sceince majors who wore lab coat did not downgrade less perfered choice ie did not show dissoannce where as buisness majors did so dissoance when wearing lab coats. - what intensifies dissonance
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seen as freely chosen
cannot be justified as due to strong rewards or threats
cannot be withdrawn
produces negative consequences that were foreseealbe. - emotions can malfunction when
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what used to be a adaptive stress response appears not to be. snakes bitches vs outlets cars
overgeneralized neurotic tendencies
depression
adaptive in the sence it allows you to disengage from a futile task no going anywhere. - mental disorders the big picture
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15% of worlds burden of illness is mental
more than half are not treated
stigma
people see condition not person
potrayal of media no portrayal of depression anxiety lots of MPD - Somatic Marker hypothesis
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in which emotional process can guide Behavior.
Iowa cared game study
peoples feelings that precede their concous awareness or reasoning
subjects eventualy learn which is the winnin deck without knowing what is giong on
people with lesion to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs ability to produce gut feeling and they suck at this game - ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- lesions cause hyper rationality inability to commit to decisions.
- Embodied Cognition
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studies show that our body experinces affect oru thinking
Nodding vs shaking head
if you are nodding you agree with the message more and if you are shaking you degree with the message more
arm flex-ion vs arm extension in relation to liking novel stimuli - Emotions and Moral judgment
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hadit study
control - nothing
exposure with smell of fart
mid stink
very stink
emotion perspective, smell activates feeling of disgust
those with high stink showed more harsh moral judgment - moral dumbfounding
- the fact that when you ask people the scenarios abotu it they say it is wrong but they have no acutal reason they say that have th efeelign that ti is wrong, but dont know why.
- basic emotional recognition
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happy, sad, angry, fearful possibly disgusted and surprised.
80-90 percent accuracy in all cultures even the isolated fore of new guinea. - microexpressions
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oj simpson trail scorn
real smile vs fake smile
if you real smile eye muscles open and they look they they are smiling. - cultural importance of emtion
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happiness, important in N. America the pressure to be happy if you are not
happiness not important in Korea, there has to be a reason for it. - display rules
- when and how to express emtion
- matsumoto and ekman
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japan in the presence of authority figure no facial expression neutral.
when showed alone they were disgusted
America different
they showed disgust alone and with the experimenter in front of them. - high context culture
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communication indirect the tone is often as or more important than the explicit meaning
in stroop task
they had a hard time ignoring tone and solely paying attention to meaning
- low context culture
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explicit pay attention to the meaning but ignore the tone
emotional stroop task
had a hard time paying attention to the tone ignoring the meaning. - Culture-specific emotions:
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Mamihlapinatapei: native American (southern chile) –this situation– teenagers – boy meets girl, boy likes girl, girl likes boy, both are embarrassed at making the first move even though know that they like each other
Amae: Japan – relationship setting between romantic partner, or child parent situation, - experienced when a child becomes mildly abusive with the parent and wants something from the parent, and pester them, with knowledge that others will accept it and indulge them. (spoil)
Honor: huge culture variation – masculine emotion – if you are man in an honor culture – you feel that defending your reputation in public situation is important
- The Culture of Honor: “Asshole†study
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- University of Michigan – who either grew up in the North or the South,
- Subjects come into lab, fill out questionnaire, and saliva sample (to measure testosterone level (aggression) and cortisol level (stress), then hand in the lab at a long narrow hall way and then do another saliva test
- In the middle of the hall way – meet a confederate blocking the hall way with a file cabinet,
- Condition – shut the door with force, calls the subject asshole and then leave
- Control – no insult, shut the door and leave
- Honor is alive in the South, but not in the North, who are amused
o A lot of crime in the south is honor related
textbook
fake job applications been in prison for honor related beating
higher rates of interview from south than north. -
health benefits of expressing emotion
result of those who write -
immediately after, more distress
long term benefits 6 months
higher mood depression scores go down
better grades fewer missed days at work
improved immune function
fewer vistits to the doctor - why do we get health benefits from expressing emotion
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if you are not dealing with emotion, but instead denying it it is exhausting
if you are not dealing with emtion you catastrophise it
reduces rumination - health benefits of emtional expression
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expression removes the need for supression
confiding is cathartic
meaning making
more insight words become to realize understand narraive
explains some postive benefits of
praying confession
keeping a diary
close freindships social supporrt - prominquity
- physical proximity encourages liking friendship and romance.
- police academy
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students who had last name started with the letter put in teh saem officers
found that peoples freinds were the same letter of the last name. - Propinquity
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availability: encourages interaction
anticipating: interactions produces warm feeling
mere exposure effect - repeated exposure breeds familiarity which induces liking
evoltionary reason
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faimiliary full proof way o knowing something is safe
does not need conscous refelction ie subliminal advertising. - mere exposure rats
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musical diet of Mozart or Schoenberg
those who grew up lising to Mozart gravitated to the side of the cage that gave them Mozart. - similarity breeds attraction bogus stranger study
- told they were to meet a stranger given a profile of a stranger, rate of liking is determined how similar the person is to you
- why does similarity encourage attraction
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social validation
smooth social interaction
we expect similar others to like us
similar others have qualities we like. - halo effect
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beleif that atttractive people posses postive qualties that other than there hotness
evidence
mbas get 2000 dollars more salary a year based on their attractivceness
men more likely to come to the aid of attractive females. -
Culture: Thinness
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- Historically – idea of thinness has been morphing to more and more thinness over the decades
- Tragedy – the dramatic rise of eating disorders in North America, in young women
o Our standard of thinness has become stricter, but everyone is becoming less thin, so fewer women can meet this idea, and this idea of thinness is intensified by the media
- In many ways, body ideas for women in the west have become unusually thin
- They’ve become thinner over the past few decades, while average body weight have increased
- 19th century paintings – show that what is considered fat now, is considered beautiful
- Culturally different idea – south America, Africa – voluptuousness – not desirable to be very thin
- what explains the attractiveness to thinness
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in cultures with unstable food supply men prefer heavier women
when made to feel pore men preferred heavier women
- universals of physical attractiveness
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bilateral symmetry
average features
health complexction
features associated with reproductive health in ancestral environment are felt to be attractive. - bilateral symmetry
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when a organizism developes under ideal conditions its right and left side will be symmetrical
symmetry associated with pathogens or stressors in the womb can lead to asymmetrical development
on average asymmetrical faces are viewed as less attractive. - average features
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the more average a face is the more attractive it is
computer software take all faces make average faces most attractive
easy processing is associated with pleasant feeling that gets interpreted as attractive. - clear complexion
- health skin is a good predictor of those would could produce surviving offspring.
- does anger and arguing not predict divorce
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they get feeling out but only worthwile if they both can get it out
need to communicate in realtionship or else it builds up
not predictor - 4 horseman of the Apocalypse
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criticism
defensiveness
contempt
withdrawal particuarly in men - what to do to make it better relationships that is
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listen to one another
accept weakness
respect the opposite of contempt - what do to do make it better
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listen to one another
accept weakness
respect the opposite of contempt. - what is the diffence between expressing anger/ complaing and contempt
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anger at the situation verses contempt at the person
contemtp builds resentment lingers longer than anger
what is corrosive about contempt and critising is juding the person the person feels judged gets defensive.
when people exress anger they want acknowlegement
defensive people rationalize and explain
creates more resentment
leads to a viscous cycle - what are characteristics of health relationships
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expressing feelings verses attacking partner
communicate about the small things
acknowledge the other partner
incorporate humor. - passionate love
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Intense longing, ecstasy Despair
instance but brief
starts really quickly
analogy like a drug, a burning fire. - compassionate love
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feelings of intimacy commitment and care.
slow but long lastering
- are arranged marrages satisfying
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most arranged marrages end up becoming love marrages even if they start wihtout love
studies find arranged marriages are at least as happy as love marigas. - two loves two errors haidts happiness hypothesis
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mistakes being made when they enter into a marriage
- Passionate love – burst open – very intense and then start to subside
- Companionate love – starts slow and built
- Danger point 1 – when people are feeling high – climax of being in love – they decide to get married (it is like signing a paper for life when you are high on cocaine)
- Danger point 2 – when there is a dip in the relationship – very high expectation of marriage and now it is low – so want out of marriage
- Companionate love – the bigger picture
- Couples who marry very early – more likely to get divorce, then couples who were together for awhile before they get married.
- cohabitation counterintuiative
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those who cohabit ate then marry are more likely to divorce after marriage.
those who do not cohabitate before marrage are more likely to stay married
selectione effect - gender diofferences in mate preference
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women older
men younger
sweet spot 3-6 years
on average men prefer physical attractiveness more than women
on average women prefer staus and older age more than men - largest and smallest cultural differences
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chastity: varies Palestine vs Sweden
good financial prospects little cultural variation - what was the cover story milgram used
- a study about learning and punishment
- what are ethical issues of the milgram experiment
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deception
were did the participants actually think they were free to leave at any time
stress caused by dooling out pain. - milgram what further situations have been looked at
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salience of victim
behind wall cannot see or hear him
behind wall can hear him
in same room
the teacher forces the learners hand onto the shock plate
Saleincy of researcher
sitting a few feet away
meet them adn converse through telephone
tape recorder
group
when another participant rejected the experiment
when another participant went on.
Location
Yale was considered more prestigious
Bridgeport was less prestigous - parental investment theory
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evolution has installed in us desires that are advantageous to our reproductive success.
men less choosy
women more choosey
women prefer resoruces
countries were there is less gender equality the gender preferences shrink but this does not eliminate the effect -
Is the parental investment predictions anything more than common sense?
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its not about the traits but who invests more time in the offspring
poison arrow frog emperor penguins males spend more time with baby therfor are more choosy - Ovulating women show more preference
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scent of a symetrical man
correlated with
masculine facial features
self confidence boldness and competitiveness. - zimbardo video
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Stanford mil gram experiment would you shock someone
Guyana 1978
Stanford prison experiment
Moral disengagement
when you put into a certain enviroment you feel a certain way dont stop continue
cutlures that go to war and their degree of de individualtion - 7 process that grease the slippery slope of evil
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mindlessly taking the first step
deumanization of others
de individuazation of self
blind obedience to authoirty
passive tolerance of evil through indifference
uncritical confomirty to group norms
- social influence
- the many ways people impact one another, including chagnes ot attitudes beelifs feelings and behvoir that result from comments actions authorits or even the mere presence of others.
- conformity
- changing ones own Beauvoir in response to a real or imagined pressure from others
- chimps social influence and cultural learning
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chimps have the capacity for culture and could pass it on to anouther wide scales
tools use to poke or lift leaver to methods to get reward, teach chimp one way or anouther
the group of chimps he goes back to will learn that way.
humans are not unique in haveing culture socail influence is behind cultural learning - a couple of candid camera moments
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face the rear in the elevator
art experts view oops painting the wrong way they agree with him
striking "because of the injustice" - 3 reasons why we conform
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informational social influence
autocratic mimicry
normative social influence - chameleon effect
- non concous mimicry of others with whom we are interacting
- chameleon effect and study
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10 minute interaction with subject acutaly a confederate
the particpants did not think it went will if the confederate did not mimic - automatic mimcry is behind social contagion
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emotional cotagoun
contagious you can catch it from people
behvoiral contagion
the case of copy cat suicides
behvoiral contangous
copy cat suicides in polenysian iland
Mass psychogenic illness in Tennessee high school. - informational social influence
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the influence of other people there results as taking their comments or actions as a source of information.
sherifts conformity experiment and the autokinetic illusions
when with other people led to a convergence of estimates.
- Normative social infleunce
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the influence of other people comes from your desire to avoid dissaproval
ash confomrity experiment
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asch confomrity experiment
- particpants and confederate go along with the group even fi we dont beleive what the group is saying we still go alonge
- factors affecting conformity presssures
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group size up to 4
group unanimity
culture - individualism vs collectivism - so bad it impedes sceince in japan
expertise and status
difficulty or ambiguity of the task
anonymity
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obedience to authority and milgram
factors that increased obdeince -
physical distance of victim
escelation of voilence
absence or presence of a rebeller
depersonalization of a victim (knowing his name or non) - milgram experiments do individual differences matter
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less educated somewhat more obedient
more authoritarian more obedient
but these has minute differences in comparison to the impact of the social situation. - factors to reduce conformity
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encourage dissdent
multiple leadership
tolerance of diverse views
cultivate empathy for victim
- how can socieites buffer against obedience
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tolerance for diverse views
multiple leadership
cultivate empathy for victims
encourage dissident - facts about discrimination
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physically unattractive defendants get harsher prison sentences for the same crime
black defendants get harsher prison senstances
taller men get higher status jobs ie most CEO's of fortune 500 are over 6
women get paid 80-90% that of men - Predjudice
- negative attitude or affective response to a certain group or a individual member
- discriminaton
- neagtive behvoir to a indivudal based on their memberrship to a group
- stereotypes
- beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristics of particular groups
- realistic Group conlfict theory
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group conflcit prejudice and descrimination are likely to arise over compeitition between groups for limtied resoruces
study
lynchings and cotton prices
robbers cave experiment
earthquake diplomacy - problem with RGCT
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even if we eliminate any possibility conflict still find prejudice
doesn't help us understand where prejudice comes from. - jigsaw classroom
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studnets seperated into 6 diverse person learning groups
lesson divided into six parts
like peices of the puzzle each fo the six parts is required to see the while picture
each student learns his or her piece the teaches the rest of the group
all doing well superordinate goal. - minimal group experiments critism for RCT
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estimated the number of dots
high estimation group, low estimation group
participants maximized arbitrary in group rewards and minmized outrgoup rewards. - the motivational perspective
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predudice and discrimination can arise from:
social dominance oreination
system justification theory
social identity theory
ie predjudice arise from varous threats to the self, loss of control, reminders or morlaity. - social identity theory
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a persons self concept and self esteem not only derive from personal identity but also from teh status and accomplishments of a group
when christrains were given negative feedback
they showed biases towards jews. in a job interview - system justification theory
- similar to just world beliefs, applied to groups, groups deserve what they get and they get what they deserve.
- social dominance orientation
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its OK for some groups to have more of a chance in life than others
this idea is found in more dominant groups than majority groups. - cognitive biases and mispercieving a weapon
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subjects exposed to black or white target
see an object very quickly either a gun or a leir
pliers becomes weapons after black face. - adult implict bias in the IAT
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not subject to self presentation demands
different from explicit evaluations - prejudice in the mind
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85% of Americans show bias of rich with good poor as bad
78% identify American with good, foreigners as bad
77% of Americans show bias against Jews, in favor for Christians
78% have a preference for straights, and a bias against gays
- explicit inter group preference
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6 year olds show the most prejudice
by the time they get to be adutls they say it doesnt matter
children start being as implictly prejduce as we are now and learn to cover it up. - under which conditions does each type of attitude predict behavior
- fatigue implicit most other times explicit
- evolutionary accounts
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parchial altruism
pathogen avoidance - parochial altruism
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altrusim towards in group
hostility towards outgroup based on constant warring timres and intergroup psychology evolved from ancestral times. - pathogen avoidance
- in ancestral environments foreigners were potential sources of unfamiliar pathogens for which the immune defense is weak.
- pathogen avoidance and studies
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studies show that areas with high pathogen prevalence more ingroupish
increased fear of pathogens stronger immune reaction. more prejudice.
study
closer to the equator, more pathogens more in group behavior.
study
pregnancy and prejudice, body is naturally immunosuppressed during the first weeks of pregnancy. early term women are more xenophobic. -
brewer and cambell study of intercultural attitudes
people were more liked if -
were geographically nearer
culturally most similar to themselves
out of 30 east African societies. - intervention strategies to reduce prejudice and conflcit
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superordinate goals - military
superordiante idenity- 911
equal status contact
multculturalism as a value - changes our perception of stereotypes
perceived similairty between groups - see we are all the same - why we live in groups
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best relaible predictor of brain size is social group
human beings are adapted to live in social gorups
- benefits from group living
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protection from predation
collective hunting
cultural learning -
study
social exclusion is painfull -
virtual ball tossing game.
exclusion
activation of anterior cingulate cortex.
physical pain = social pain - social facilitation
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the effect of the presence of others on perfomrance
- zajonic thoery
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- Presence of others enhances dominant response, but inhibits less dominant response
- Explanation: arousal
o Social contact makes people feel more arousal, than if they were alone
o Sometimes the arousal is exciting (party) or intimidating (presentation
- social loafing
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decreased effort put forth by indiviudals working in a group
burglars working in groups more likely to get caught
pulled 18 harder when they thought they were alone than when they think there in a group
explaanation diffusion of responsiblity - less social loafing when
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task is challenging and involving
individuals are identifiable
members are friends
groups or cohesive
in collectivist cultures - group think
- social pressures to reach consensus in a highly cohesive group which leads to disastrous decisions.
- symptoms of groupthink
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illusion of invulnerability
dissent discoruaged
illusion of unamity
illusion of moarlity
unwillingess to consider alternatives - conditions that foster group think
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stressfull situation
like minded members of the group
isloation form outside peeps
strong leader. - strategies to reduce group think
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encourage criticism
input from outside sources
devils advocate.