AP Mod vocab 2
Terms
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- Bundesrat
- the upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature)
- Edmund Burke
- member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought
- Burschendeschaften
- politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles
- Cahier de doleances
- list of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789
- John Calvin
- French Theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination
- Albert Camus
- French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making
- Carbonari
- Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815
- Carlsbad Decrees
- repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities
- Cat and Mouse Act
- law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again
- Catherine de Medicis
- the wife of Henry II of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons
- Catherine the Great
- an "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs
- Catholic Emancipation Bill
- act enabling Catholics to hold public office for the first time in England
- Count Cavour
- Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification in Italy
- Benvenuto Cellini
- A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise
- Charles II
- Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum
- Charles I
- Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed
- Charles V
- Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands
- Cheka
- the secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party
- Church Statute of 1721
- a Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar
- classical liberalism
- a middle-class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its goals were self-gov't, a written constitution, natural rights, limited suffrage and a laissez-fair economy
- Code Napoléon
- the codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France
- Colbert
- the finiancial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies
- Cold War
- an intense conflict between the superpowers using all means short of military might to achieve their respective ends
- Christopher Columbus
- first European to sail to the West Indies in 1492
- Committee of Public Safety
- the leaders under Robespierre who organized the defensies of France, conducted foreign policy and centralizied authority during the period 1792-1795
- Common Market
- another name for the European Economic Community, which created a free-trade area among the Western European countries
- Concordat
- Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the gov't
- Condcordat of Bologna
- treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right for the gov't to nominate all French bishops and abbots
- Condorcet
- Author of Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind
- Condottiere
- a mercenary soldier of a political ruler
- Conservative Party
- formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the 19th century
- Constitutional Democrats
- also known as the Cadeets, the party of liberal bourgeouisie in Russia
- Constitutionalism
- the theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects, and the state governed according to laws
- Continental System
- Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods
- Nicolaus Compernicus
- Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe
- Corn Laws
- legislation enacted in 1815 that imposed a tariff on imported grain and was a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings. They were repealed in 1846
- Hernando Cortez
- conqueror of the Aztecs (1519-1521)
- corvées
- road work; obligation of French peasants to landowners
- Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon)
- an economic alliance, founded in 1949, to coordinate the economic affaires of the Soviet Union and its satellite countries
- Council of People's Commissars
- the new gov't set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of gov't buildings in Nov. 1917
- Council of Trent
- congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545-1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconscile with the Protestants
- coup d'état
- overthrow of those in power
- Crimean War
- conflict between Russia and Turkey ostensibly waged by Russia to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire; in actuality, to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia
- Oliver Cromwell
- principal leader and a gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament
- Crystal Night (Krystallnacht)
- the Nov. 1938 destruction, by Hitler's Brown Shirts and mobs, of Jewish shops, homes and synogogues
- Charles Darwin
- British scientist whose Origin of Species proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research
- Dawes Plan
- the provision of U.S. loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced
- Decembrists
- Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early 19th century
- Decembrist revolt
- the 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligents) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. the plot failed, but the ideal remained.
- Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
- document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings
- decolonization
- the collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence
- Defenestration of Prague
- the hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, the setting of the 30 yrs. War
- Deism
- the belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny
- René Descartes
- deductive thinker whose famous saying, "I think, therefor I am," challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures