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Chapter 23 Vocabulary

Terms

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FDR
was elected after President Hoover. To combat the Great Depression, FDR created many government projects to put the unemployed to work and directly put money into the hands of the working class. By doing this, he reversed the direction of the Great Depression.
Hitler
during the time of the Great Depression, Adolf Hitler rose the ranks in the Nazi Party in Germany. He was charismatic and vied to restore pride in Germany. After staging a socialist/anarchist rebellion, he won the support of the people of Germany and was appointed chancellor in 1933. Hitler was aided by secret police that crushed all opposition, a state-controlled press that praised his accomplishments, and a state-controlled education system that indoctrinated the young.
Stalin
took Lenin's place as head of the Communist Party after Lenin's death in 1924. Described as suspicious, cruel, ruthless, tyrannical. Great Terror: 'purged' the Communist Party of real or suspected traitors in 1930's.
Mussolini
founded the Fascist Party in 1919 which was a right-wing organization that promoted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again.
Neville Chamberlain
believed in peace and did not want to go to war with Hitler. To avoid the war, he thought that he could appease Hitler as shown in the Munich Pact.
Churchill
was the prime minister of Great Britain for most of WWII. After the evacuation at Dunkrik, Churchill made it clear that he would not back down again. He stood up to countries that started unprovoked wars and refused to stop fighting when the situation looked grim.
Hideki Tojo
became the Japanese prime minister in 1941. He focused on military expansion to keep the US neutral. Attempted to diplomatically negotiate their disagreement of Japanese expansion, Tojo eventually gave up on negotiations after US rejected Japan's latest demands in November, 1941.
Emperor Hirohito
was the emperor of Japan. Under his leadership, he formed alliances with Germany and Italy which formed the Axis Powers. He participated in the planning attacks of Pearl Harbor.
Jesse Owens
was an Olympic athlete who participated in the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Owens specialized in the sprint and long jump events and received 4 gold medals in those Olympics.
Edward R. Murrow
was an American born journalist. He made a series of radio news broadcasts during WWII, which millions of Americans and Canadians listened to.
Chuichi Nagumo
was the commander of the Japanese forces that was sent to eradicate the American naval and air presence in the Pacific with a surprise attack.
Douglas MacArthur
was the commander of the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East during WWI. After the attack of Pearl Harbor, he commanded the defense of the Philippines then left to Australia to take command of the Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific.
Fascism
an ideology which glorified the military, gave the government a large control of industry, looked down upon international organizations and cooperation, and considered was an acceptable means for achieving national goals. Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy adopted aggressive foreign policies involving war as a desired method.
Totalitarian
a person who believes that a single leader/party should have control over economical, social and cultural aspects of life
Nazi
The political party which opposed socialism, communism. Led by Adolf Hitler.
Numremberg Laws of 1935
These laws were introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. They were presented by Hitler that incorporated antisemitism as a form of scientific racism.
Anti-Semitism
Hostility or prejudice against Jews, Hitler used Jews (among other groups) as a scapegoat for why Germany was in a recession after WWI. His hatred spread among many German people because of propaganda.
Aryan
are people who believed that they are superior to all others under the Nazi ideology
Fuhrer
Means guide, has strong association with Hitler, as he was the fuhrer of Germany throughout World War II.
Swastika
The swastika means "good to be" in that the sign was used as a symbol for Nazi Germany. The swastika soon became a symbol of hate, antisemitism, violence, death, and murder.
Blitzkrieg
a swift, sudden, and overwhelming military attack used to demoralize, defeat, or destroy the enemy. This method was used by the Nazis when taking over other countries, such as Poland.
Anschluss
the occupation of the Nazi empire, which included Austria.
Propaganda
dissemination of misleading and biased information to the public for political reasons. Hitler promoted himself by taking pictures of him acting as the savior of Germany
Tripartite Pact
stated that Italy, Japan and Germany were allies in WWII.
Third Reich
Another name for Nazi Germany. It began with the appointment of Hitler as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933 and ended with the unconditional capitulation of the German Wehrmacht on May 7, 1945. "Third Reich" is a synonym for the unrestrained propaganda of racist and anti-Semitic ideology, with political and social organizations being robbed of any independence from the state.
Lebensraum
was a major political idea of Hitler. It stated that to provide extra space to grow Germany needed to adopt expansionist ideals.
U-Boat
German submarines used to take down allied ships by torpedoes. The main target of U-boats were Allie merchant ships.
Non-Aggression Pact of 1939
Hitler made a pact with the Soviets before entering war. This pact stated that two countries would not attack each other.
Spanish Civil War
A civil war in Spain that ended with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship lead by the Fascist General Francisco Franco and the defeat of the supporters of the Republic. Mussolini and Hitler sent troops to aid the Spanish nationalists, this would allow them to test some of their new military technology. Though the Soviet Union provided some support for the Republic, France, Britain, and the US did not interfere and refused to provide weapons to the Republican forces.
RAF
was greatly expanded during WWII and was responsible for the aerial defense of the UK and strategic bombing against Germany.
Appeasement
term used to describe Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's attempts to prevent war with Germany.
Maginot Line
A line of fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts and other defences built by France to defend its border with Germany prior to WWII. It was proved ineffective against the German invasion.
Munich Pact
agreement made by Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France in 1938 which sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve peace
Atlantic Charter
a document outlining the goals of the Allies for a post-war world. Drafted by US and Britain, all other Allies later agreed with it.
Neutrality Act of 1939
This act amended the earlier legislation in recognition of the imminent Nazi threat to western Europe's democracies. It permitted all belligerents to be supplied on a "cash and carry" basis and forbid US vessels from entering combat zones.
Isolationists
people who did not want to involve America in WWII in any way. These people often had Wilsonian ideal and wanted to have peace instead of war.
Nye Committee
This committee studied the causes of US involvement in WWII, it increased public and political support for neutrality during the beginning of WWII.
London Blitz
76 days of consecutive bombing of London and its surrounding areas by the Germans. More than one million homes were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed.
Pearl Harbor
A lagoon harbor, west of Honolulu. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. This lead the United States into entering World War II.
USS Arizona
one of the battleships damaged during the bombing of Pearl Harbor
Bataan Death March
This was the forcible transfer of about 76,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war by the Japanese Imperial Army. It occurred after the Battle of Bataan and resulted in thousands of deaths.
Battle of Coral Sea
the first battle, fought from May 4th to 8th, 1942, in WWII when air craft carriers engaged one another directly.
Women's Auxiliary Corps
This was the women's branch of the US army in which the women were divided in officials (officers), forewomen (sergeant), assistant forewomen (corporals) and workers (privates).
America First
was a non-interventionist party in WWII whose leading figure of this party was Charles Lindbergh, criticized Roosevelt's policies. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, this party went defunct.
Lend-Lease Act
FDR signed this into legislation in 1941, it allowed the US to aid the countries that were fighting the Axis powers. The US was still a neutral country, this program allowed the US to lend supplies to Allied powers that were vital to US security.
Four Freedoms Speech
President Roosevelt outlined in 1941 State of the Union address. They include: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
Doolittle's Raid
the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese Home Islands during World War II on 18 April 1942. America raided Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
War Production Board
oversaw the change of the industry to peacetime to wartime industry.
Miracle at Dunkirk
France stationed its finest troops along the border of Belgium, were the forest of Ardennes and many French forests were stationed because it was the route in which the German army took when they invaded in WWI. It was thought that this defence line was impenetrable by the Nazi army, but the French were wrong. However, due to mistakes in German tactics, 338 thousand troops were able to escape across the channel from the French port of Dunkirk.
Saar
Germany obtained by a vote in 1935 in which residents decided whether they would rejoin Germany or stay under French control.
Rhineland
Germany obtained by being returned by the League of Nations
Poland
the first country to fall to blitzkrieg
Vichy France
France was divided into two after Nazis invaded. There were two sections northern France, called occupied France, and southern France, called __________. Although it was officially neutral, helped the Axis Powers (Germany).
Ethiopia
the country Italy invaded to begin its empire building
suez canal
the water passage in North Africa that Germans wanted to control
Manchuria
the country Japan invaded in 1931
Corregidor Island
the island General MacArthur had to leave to avoid being captured by the Japanese
Japan
the country that occupied Indochina in Jan. 1931
the bataan peninsula
where the Japanese forced 78000 US and Filipino prisoners of war to march 65 miles
Pearl Harbor
where half of the us fleet was destroyed in 1941

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