SOCIAL STUDIES FINAL ASSESSMENT 7TH GRADE STUFF
Terms
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- Beringia
- The way the first human beings went from Asia to the Americas-a narrow land bride that one connected Siberia and Alaska
- Native Americans
- From Alaska, these peoples slowly spread southwards into North and South America. THey developed different lifestyles depending upon the resources and climates that they found.
- How did Native Americans get their food?
- They were hunters and gatherers, moving from place to place in search of food.
- In what areas did Native American peoples create highly developed societies?
- Mexico, Central America, and South America
- Mayans
- Developed the earliest Native American Indian civilization. Located in southern Mexico and Guatemala, the Maya made discoveries in science, astronomy, and mathematics
- Aztecs
-
Created an empire in central Mexico about 700 years ago. They built stoneworks, pyramids, and temples
FLOATING GARDENS DUDE - Incas
- Formed a large empire along the Andes Mountains in South America, with extensive roads to connect their territories.
- The earliest Native Americans in New York
- The Algonquians
- Iroquois
- Also known as Haudenosaunee (the people of the longhouse) who later settled in northwestern New York
- wigwams
- Round houses made of brances, bark, and grass where the Algonquians lived
- longhouses
- Long, rectangular shelters made of branches, bark, and grass where Iroquois families lived togther.
- How did Alonquians and Iroquois get food and clothing?
- The men hunted and fished, and were fiece warriors. Women were responsible for growing corn and squash and preparing good. The Algonquians and Iroquois tribes made clothes from the skins of deer and other animals they hunted.
- Five Iroquois tribes (COMOS)
- Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, and Seneca
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Formed in 1750 by the five original Iroquois tribes and the sixth, Tuscarora, joined after. THis early form of political union had its own constitution, in which Iroquois tribes promised not to fight one another. It is believed the Iroquois constitution later influenced some authors of the U.S. Constitution.
- About 500 years ago, what made it possible for Europeans to sail farther than ever before?
- Better navigational skills and technological advances like the compass and the astrolabe(measured position of stars to find latitude at sea). Gunpowder made it possible for them to create strong armies.
- Why did Europeans explore?
- Strong rulers sought to find new trade routes to Asia, while missonaries sought to spread Christianity.
- Christopher Columbus' journey
- An Italian navigator who believed he could reach China and the Spice Islands by sailing westwards. Columbus set sail in 1492. He landed in the West Indies, where he later established Spain's first settlement in the New World.
- What was the effect on Native Americans when Europeans heard of Christopher Columbus' discovery?
- THey learned about new goods and obtained gold, silver, and land. Native Americans were easily conquered by Europeans, who had such weapons as guns, cannons, and horses. European diseases dramatically reduced Native American populations.
- What were somg of Spain's rivals in the New World?
- France, HOlland, and England
- Jaques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, and Robert de la LaSalle
- French explorers who explored the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River.
- New France
- France's colony that was established in Canada.
- Jamestown
- In Virginia where the first English colony was started in 1607. Soon, the colony at Jamestown became profitable by growing tobacco for sale in Europe.
- Pilgrims and Puritans
-
Pilgrims-English settlers
Puritans-English Protestants
Established colonies in Massachusetts, where they could practice their religion freely. - Henry Hudson
- Based on the explorations of him in 1609, the Dutch established a colony which they called New Netherland.
- Other Dutch settlements
- Fort Orange (now Albany) and New Amsterdam (now Manhatten)
- Wheree early colonists tended to settle
- Near rivers where they had an adequate source of water for raising crops
- Dutch West India Company
- Appointed a governor in order to control the colony.
- Peter Stuyvesant
- Most famous governor of Dutch colonies
- New Netherland vs. English colonies
- New Netherland separated the English colonies north and south of it. In 1664, Stuyvesant surrended the colony to English forces.
- What did New Netherland, Fort Orange, and New Amsterdam become when it was taken from the Dutch by the English?
-
New Netherland=New York
New Amsterdam=New York City
Fort Orange=ALbany - 13 colonies
-
Spread up and down the Atlantic coast-
1. new hampshire
2. new york
3. massachusetts
4. connecticut
5. rhode island
6. pennsylvania
7. new jersey
8. maryland
9. delaware
10. virginia
11. north carolina
12. south carolina
13. georgia
Colonial communities developed along European patterns. English colonists enjoyed the same rights as people living in England. - New England colonies
- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island
- New England life (jobs, food, land, climate)
- Had less fertile land and a colder climate than other colonies. Had small farms where New Englanders grew crops for their own use. Many chose occupations like sailors, merchants, or fisherman
- Middle colonies
- New YOrk, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
- Life in middle colonies
- Winters were not as harsh as New England and summers were longer. Uncleared forests and fertile soils helped to draw many settlers to this area. People were also attracted to these colonies by the atmosphere of religious freedom.
- Southern Colonies
- Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
- Life in Southern colonies (climate, products, work)
- Climate war warmers than other parts of colonial America. Soil was well-suited to growing crops,. Some Southerners developed large plantations which grew tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo for shipment to England in exchange for manufactured goods. Most large plantations used enslaved peoples from Africa, and their descendants, as main work force.
- Governor of New York's charter of 1682
- Charter guaranteed the colonists freedom of religion and trial by jury. Also created law-making body of elected representatives knwon as the Assembly.
- Assembly of New York
- Defended the interests of colonists-The governor, appointed in London, represented the intersts of Great Britain
- John Peter Zenger
- Plublished a newspaer in the 1730's which accused the governor of New York of being corrupt. The governor put Zenger on trial for libel, but ZZenger won his case when his lawyer showed that the statements he published were true. The case established the right of the press to criticize those in power.
- How did the French and Indian War break out?
- By the 1750s, the British claimed control of the Ohio River Valley, just across the Appalachians. The French had built forts along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to keep the British fur traders and settlers from crossing into their lands, and also claimed the Ohio River Valley. War finally broke out in 1754.
- How the the French and Indian War get its name?
- Because many Native American Indian tribes sided with the French
- Albany Plan of Union
- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin-a central colonial government would share power with separate colonies to help fight the French
- What was the Albany Plan of Union a first for?
- It was the first time colonies showed unity
- How did the war end?
- A British force captured Quebec in 1759, giving Britain control of the St. Lawrence River.
- Treaty of Paris
- France lost much of its colonial empire in North America-Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi-to the British.
- The Proclamation Line of 1763
- To prevent further Native American attacks, the British government declared that colonists could not settle on lands west of the Appalachians. This was resented by many Americans.
- What did Britain do to help pay off the debts from the cost of protecting the colonies during the French and Indian War?
- The British Parliament proposed new taxes without consulting the colonists.
- Stamp Act
- Taxes placed on all legal documents, newspapers, cards, calendars, dice, etc.
- Sugar Act
- Taxes put on sugar, coffee, indigo, and molasses
- Stamp Act Congress
- rejected Stamp Act and said that Parliamne thad no right to tax the colonies but declared their loyalty to Britain.
- What was Britain's response to colonists?
- Parliament repealed almost all of the new taxes except for the tariff on tea.
- Townshend Act
- items such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea were taxed
- Writs of Assistance
- used to search fr smuggled goods
- Quarting Act
- Colonists had to provide bedding for British soldiers
- Boston Massacre
- Boys threw ice at a British guard annd the crowd grew rowdy so soldiers opened fire and killed give colonists.
- Tea Act
- Because colonists were boycotting tea, the tea act said the British East India Company was allowed to sell tea directly to colonists, which cut tea merchants out of the trade and made colonists angry. Althought there was still a tea tax, tea was now cheaper. Colonists thought it was a trick to make them except the tea tax
- Boston Tea Party
- Colonists dressed as Indians, noarded three ships loaded with tea, and threw it overboard into the water
- Intolerable Acts (4 parts)
-
Laws to punish the colonists of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party
1) Port of Boston was closed until the tea was payed for
2) Governor could ban town meetings
3) British officials accused of trial would have it in Britain instead of Massachusetts
4) A new Quarting Act was passed, forcing citizens to house troops in their homes - First Continental Congress
-
-response to intolerable acts
-representatives from colonies met
-Decided to continue protesting Biritsh taxes - Lexington and Concord
- In 1775, open warfare broke out between British soliders and colonists. THe fighting quickly spread to other colonies and marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.
- Loyalists
- Wanted to remain under British rule
- Patriots
- Wanted independence
- Second Continental Congress
- representatives from 13 colonies met again in Philadelphia and, after much debate, decided to declare American independence from Britain.
- Declaration of Independence
-
-written by Thomas Jefferson
-issued on July 4, 1776
-explained reasons why colonists sought independence from Great Britain - What did thinks like John Locke and Jefferson believe?
- That the governmnet was a "social contract" and citizens had a right to overthrow an oppressive government
- George Washington
- General during the revolutionary war
- Where did colonists lose several early battles
- new york and new jersey
- where did the most fighting take place during the Revolutionary war?
- new york
- Ethan Allen
- led colonists to capture Fort Ticonderoga in 1775
- Battle of Long Island
- British drove Washington and COntinental Army out of new york after this battle
- Saratoga
- Turning point of the war-British General John Burgoyne was defeated by Gneral Horatio Gates. Convinced France to side with the US
- Battle of Yorktown
- With Frnehc help, Washington managed to force the british to surrender in 1781 in yorktown, virginia
- Treat of Paris (1783)
-
British recognized American independence and gave the lands between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Coast to US
-gave Florida back to spain
-the u.s. promised to ask state legislatures to pay loyalists for property lost during the war - What happened to the Iroquois Confederacy as a result of the war?
- It collapsed, since the Iroquois mainly sided with the British
- Impact of war on Loyalists
- many fled to Canada
- Impact on American soldiers
- Many were rewarded with farmland in Northern and Western New York
- Articles of Confederation
- Agreement that created a weak central government in which the state governments could cooperate. Each state sent one representative to the new Congress. Congress could declare war and settle disputes, but it could not collect its own taxes or raise its own army. There was no President or national court system.
- Why did the Articles of Confederation have a weak federal government?
- They were afraid of their experiences with British monarchy and Parliament
- Virginia Plan
-
called for stronger national government with three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial)
-called for legislature with number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state - New Jersey Plan
-
-called for stronger national government with 3 branches
-legislature where every state received one vote - Great Compromise
-
-House of Reps.-each state is represented according to population
-Senate-each state has 2 senators
-both houses of Congress must pass every law - New constitution
-
-great compromise
-national government has power to collect taxes and raise an amry, and have a President, Congress, and Court System - Three-fifths compromise
- In order to determine the population of a state, only 3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted
- Basic Principles that the Constitution was based on (3)
-
Democracy
Separation of Powers
Federalism
Checks and Balances
Ability to Change - Democracy
- AMericans decide, through their elected representatives, what the government should do. THe people hold the real power in government
- Federalism
- System where power was shared between the national gvovernment and the state governments. National government deals with matters that affect the whole country. State governments handle their own local affairs.
- Separation of Powers
- separates main powers of central government--legislative, executive, and judicial powers-into different branches: Congress, the President, and the Supreme COurt
- Legislative Branch Job
- Power to make the laws
- Executive Branch Job
- Power to carry out the laws
- Judicial Branch job
- power to inerpret the laws
- State of New York Powers
-
Legislative- State Legislature
Executive- Governor
Judicial Power- COurt of Appeals - Checks and Balances
- To prevent any one of the three ranches from becoming too powerful, the Constitution gave each branch ways to stop or "check" other branches. Ex. Senate must approve most Presidential appointments
- Ability to change
- Constitution can change thorugh amendments and elastic cuase
- elastic clause
- Gives congress power to make all laws that shall be "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the national government
- amendment
- additions to the constitution, which is more difficult to pass than an ordinary law to prevent changes except for very important changes and widespread agreement
- How many states had to ratify the Constitution before it could become a law?
- 9 states
- Anti-Federalists
- Opponents of the new Constitution who believed it would create a strong central government that would threaten individual freedom. They feared future government leaders might build a strong army and use it to collect taxes. They pointed out that there was no bill of rights in the new Constitution to protect individual liberties.
- Federalists
-
Those favoring the proposed Constitution.
-they pointed out that government under the Articles of Confederation had broken down. THey argued that a stronger central government was needed to preserve political independence. THey also argued that under the proposed plan, federalism and the separation of powers would prevent any one branch of the new government from becoming too strong. - Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
- New Yorkers who contributed to the Federalist Papers.
- Federalist Papers
- A series of essays that argued that the new nation would not lost long if the proposed constitution were not adopted. These essays helped Americans to approve the new constitution.
- Bill of Rights
- Won support in several states-Was added in the form of the first 10 amendments protecting important individual liberties.
- domestic policy
- government policies that deal with conditions within the nation
- foreign policy
- concerns relations with other countries
- what was george washington's major challenge?
- to provide stability to the nation under its new form of government
- Cabinet
- The chief officials that Washington appointed also began meeting with him in what came to be known as the Cabinet. Over the years, as the government assumed greater responsibilities, new Cabinet departments were created.
- What did Washington raise money for?
- Washington needed to pay the large debt left from fighting the American Revolutionary War
- Alexander Hamilton
- Washington's Secretary of the Treasury who solved the nation's economic problems.
- 4 Parts of Hamilton's financial plan
-
1) Repay the Debt
2) National Bank
3) Whiskey Tax
4) Protective Tariff - Repay the Debt
- Hamilton believed the national government should pay off the debts of the states and the previous national government to establish the nation's credit
- National Bank
- Creation of a national bank as a place to deposit taxes, provide sound currency, and to make loans to the national government
- Whiskey Tax
- Tax on whiskey to raise money from western farmers
- Protective Tariff
- High tariff--tax on imported foreign goods which would protect American industries from foreign competition
- political parties
- groups that try to elect their members to government offices so that they can pass laws favorable to their ideas
- thomas jefferson
- washington's secretary of state
- Democratic-Republicans
- Jefferson's supporters who believed that Hamilton's plan would benefit only the wealthy while hurting most others--led to formation of political parties
- unwritten constitution
- The Cabinet, political parties, and other practices that have developed
- Defeat of the Protective Tariff
- All programs apporved except this--South states opposed it b/c they believed it would make it harder for them to sell their crops to Britain and buy British goods
- Whiskey Rebellion
- Farmers west of Appalachian Mountains often converted excess grain to Whiskey. THey did this b/c it was easier to transport whiskey over the mountain than bushels of grain. Farmers refused to pay the tax and washington called up the militia and put down the rebellion
- Who did Jefferson's supporters and Hamilton's supporters support in the French revolution?
-
Federalists-French
Dem-Rep.-British - Proclamation of Neutrality (1783)
- Washington adopted a policy of neutrality; the US would avoid taking sides in European disputes or becoming involved in foreign wars.
- Washington's Farewell Address
- After 2 terms, he encouraged commerical ties with foreign countries, but cautioned Americans against entering into permanent alliances.
- 2nd President
- Federalist John Adams
- 3rd President
- THomas Jefferson--beat Adams in 1800 election
- Jefferson's views on government
- Believed best government was a weak one--Opposed special privaleges for wealthy and had strong sympathies for common farmer. Reduced size of army, ended naval expansion, and lowered government costs.
- Embargo Act
- American ships were prohibited from tarading with European nations. THe act hurt the economy and led to a depression
- Why was the Embargo Act passed?
- War between Britain and France causes British to search US ships for deserters from the British navy. This practice humiliated Americans and put pressure on Jefferson to take action but avoid war.
- War of 1812 outbreak
- British took Americans off their ships, claiming they were deserters of the British navy. Americans thought time was ripe to seize Canada from Britian. In 1812, Congress declared war on Britain. American forces tried to invade Canada, but were unsuccessful. In retaliation, British troops took Washington DC and burned down the White House.
- Treaty of Ghent
-
-both sides went back to the war they were before war
-British promised they would not longer search American ships for British deserters. - IMportant points US made in war of 1812
-
-Americans proved that they could protect their independence
-Result-rise of American nationalism and a desire to expand the nation westwards - where did much of the war of 1812 fighting take place
-
Great Lakes and NEw York
ex. Buffalo, Sackets Harbor, American victory at Plattsburg - Battle of New Orleans
- General Andrew Jackson was a hero in this battle that was fought before new news of peace arrived but after the war ended.
- Jackson's Presidency
-
Elected in 1828
First President not born to wealth of from Eastern State (from TN)
-supporters were normal people, mostly laborers, farmers, and frontiersmen. - Why were Jackson's two years in term see an expansion of american democracy? 3 parts
-
1) Voting Rights-States eliminated requirement that voters own property, so that most white males over 21 could vote
2) Choosing a President-Selection of Presidential candidates by party leaders was replaced by nominating conventions, where popularly elected members of each political party chose their candidates
3) Campaign methods-new methods emerged with more voters-candidates held dinners, rallies, and public meetings. jackson invited ordinary ppl to his inauguration - Spoils system
- Used by jackson, where supporters who helped in his electio campaign were apointed to government posts in place of existing officers
- Trail of Tears
- Thousands of Cherokees died along the trail of tears when they were forcibly moved from their tribal homelands by Congress under Jackson's influence
- Dewitt Clinton
- Proposed a 360 mile canal through Mohawk valley connectiong Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Farms could ship goods to NYC entirely by water.
- Erie Canal
-
built by thousands of workers, including many Irish immigrants
-cities along canal prospered ex. syracuse, almany, buffalo, rochester - turnpikes
- specie roads opened by private companies
- Robert Fulton
- inventor of the steamboat, which revolutionized water transportation
- New york central
- most important railroad that ran throught he mohawk valley like the erie canal
- Jackson and the Federal Union
- in 1832, SOuth Carolina threatened to secede because it opposed federal tariffs on imports. Jackson threatened force and the crisis was avoided. He emerged as a symbol of national unity over sectional intersts
- America's own culture by early 1800s
- Mixture of English, european, native american, and african traditions belnded together under american conditions
- 1800s-importance of farmers
-
-crops were basis of the nation's wealth
-southern crops-tobacco and cotton-exported
-farmers grew wheat and livestock to support growing population
-owning and working land according to seasons of year gave most farmers freedom and independence - Samuel Slater
- defied British law by building from memory a machine in the US that made cotton fibers into thread, called spinning mill
- what was the spinning mill followed by
- a gradual increase in the use of machines, the use of steam power, and a shift from workling at home or in small shops to working in factories.
- industrial Revolution
- developements tat led to new industries, expanded transportation, and rapidly growing cities.
- Bad working conditions
- 16-hour days in factories that were crowded, poorly lit, and unsafe
- womens rights
-
denied equality and citizenship and lacked right to vote or hold public office
-farm women worked in the fields and cooked, cleaned, made clothes, and cared for their children
-many women worked outside the home as servants, laundresses, cooks, and factory workers - Seneca Falls Convention
-
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and other reformers organized it
-passed a declaration similiar to the declaration of independence, which called for women to receive equal rights with men. Helped launch a movemny to change womens role in american life. eventually led to 19th amendment - 19th amendmennt
- womens right to vote
- Free African Americans
-
-many set free following american revolution
-others freed when their owners died
-freedmen worked in a variety of occupations
-laws kept them from voting, traveling, and serving on juries
-feared being kidnapped and returned to life of slavery - african american slaves
-
-even in southern slave states, most white families had no slaves
-slaves generally owned by wealthy souterh landholders who grew cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar
-slaves endured back-breaking work on plantations as field hands
-living conditions were primitive.
-enslaved workers ate simple, unbalanced meals - african american slaves rights
- not all workers on plantations or for the wealthy-some became skilled blacksmiths or carpenters and were gired out by their owners. even then, their wages remained the property of their owners
- what basic rights did african americans get denied
- they could be sold apart from their families when at the whim of their owners
- what was the most populous state in the country by 1820
- new york
- Dorethea Dix
- fought for the rights of the mentally ill.
- when did slavery in NY become illegal
- 1827
- schools in NY in 1800s
- NY state legislature provided money for public education, and ny became a leader in the number and quality of its schools. all students became entitled to a free elementary school education
- Marbury vs. Madison
- established the power of judicial review
- judicial review
- the right of the supreme court to declare a law UNCONSTITUTIONAL
- What were the different parts of the US like right before the civil war?
-
North-manufacturing, fishing, and small farms
South--economy based on slave labor to grow crops
West-Nation's breakbasket, growing and shipping grain to the Norh and South - Sectionalism
- Refers to the greatly loyalty that many Americans felt toward their own region than to the country as a whole
- cotton gin
-
invented by ELi Whitney
increased demand for slave labor in the South - abolitionists during slavery
- believed that slavery was morally wrong and wanted to end it
- Uncle Toms Cabin
-
by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Showed evils of slavery - Underground Railroad
- a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North and Canada
- What did SOutherns believe about the states' rights to leave the Union
- they believed that each state had the poer to reject federal law or even leave the union altogether if it wished
- Missouri COmpromise and Compromise of 1850
- compromises that were able to temporarily keep the peace between the states and keep them together
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- In 1854, congress passed a law allowing settlers in these two states to decide for themselves whether or not they wanted slavery. Resulted in bloodshed between those who favored and those who opposed slavery
- Dred Scott Decision
- SUpreme court ruled that congress could not prohibit slavery in any new territories. Ecen though Dred Scott had lived in a free territory, the court ruled he was still a slave without rights. The court argued that slaves were property and that congress had no right to take away a slaveholder's property
- john browns raid
- abolitionist john brown launched a slave revolt. his uprising was crushed and he was tried and executed.
- why were southerns alarmed by john browns raid
- Southerners were alarmed bc they feared future slave revolts
- Why republican party was formed in 1854
- FORMED to oppose the spread of slavery to new territories
- 1860 election
- abe licoln, republican, was elected President
- lincolns election effect
- southern states, fearing lincoln would abloish slavery, seceded and formed the COnfederate States of America
- fort sumter
- Confederate forces attack FOrt SUmter in SOuthe Carolina and the civil war began
- plus and minus of north and south in fighting the civil war
-
GOOD SOUTH:
-superior military leadership
-defending homeland
BAD SOUTH:
-lacked manufacturing centers
-lacked strong navy
GOOD NORTH:
-larger population
-superior industry
-better transportation system
-greater naval powers - Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln freed the slaves in the COnfederacy during the war
- Thirteenth AMendmentr
- later abolished slavery throughout the US
- draft law 1863
- required men to serve in army
- draft riots
- broke out in NYC to protest the law-attacked african americans
- End of Civil War
- South finally surrenders-preserves Union and abolishs slavery
- Reconstruction period
-
1865-1877
refers to the decade after the civil war - South after civil war
- In ruins-cities, railroad lines, and plantations had been destroyed by union armies
- slaves in south after civil war
- PLantations no longer had slaves and freedmen lacked jobs, land, and income
- lincolns plan for southern states to be admitted back into the union
- planned to readmit states on lenient terms, but was assasinated in 1865
- Radical Republicans
- refused to recognize new southern state governments
- CIvil rights act of 1865
- gave freedmen full rights
- FOurteenth amednment
- declared that no state government could deny american citizens full rights of equality before the law
- monroe doctrine
- in fear that european nations might try to reconquer them, The US would oppose any attempt by European nations to establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere or to reconquer former colonies. Also, US would not interfere with existing european colonies like cananda or cuba
- Manifest Destiny
- belief that it was americans clear future to entend the nation to the shores of the pacific
- florida addition to the US
- purchased from spain after war of 1812
- texas added to us
- texas declared independence from mexico and congress voted to make texas part of US in 1845
- add oregon territory
- line dividing US and canada goes to paficic
- Mexican American War
- Dispute between US and Mexico over Texas broder leads to Mexican-American war. After US wins war, Mexico ceded territory now occupied by California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico
- add Alaska
- alaska is purchased from russia after civil war in 1867