Final for Soc 270
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Herek and Capitanio
- 4 dimensions of stigma explore: 1. Negative feelings toward persons w/ 2. Support for coercive AIDS-related policies 3. Blame for persons with AIDS 4. Intentions to avoid a person with AIDS
- US Census Data
- Incarceration rates, Statistically model the relationship between male and female AIDS infection rates and the proportion of men in the age/state/race-matched cohort that are incarcerated Simulation of data - incarceration rates, infection rates in population
- Bearman
- (Network Analysis, explored infection rates among diff. groups) Mixing - describes the relationships between Groups Bridges - links between two groups or populations, perspective --> Relationships between structure of sexual networks and epidemiological factors, CURRENT policies need to be more comprehensive then target high risk groups
- Earliest cases of AIDs
- First case in U.S. 1981,HIV is a descendant Simian (monkey)
- Johnson and Raphael (2006)
- Studied Incarceration in relation to racial disparity in HIV/AIDS (men - highest in early 90s), women the same as men but spike in early 00s
- One of the first things ppl. with AIDS face
- making sense of one's fate
- Factors shaping claims making against needle-exchange:
- Public sentiment against illicit drugs, Needle-exchange's staff caught offguard, Operating as underground service
- Inside vs Outside factors (of jail) to influence rates
- (Johnson and Rafael): Early release, overcrowding of jails Inside: Prevalence of HIV higher among population incarcerated than outside, No condoms? Outside: Poverty - health care access?,Concurrent sexual relationships, Risky behavior - eg. IDU's? Multiple relationships,
- Sociology of AIDS
- Medical Biological Aspect + Sociology Social Aspect = Explore social features, How individuals in society attach meaning & the outcome of those meanings on the disease, those associated with the disease, & those diagnosed as HIV positive
- Three ares of life affected by AIDS
- Healthcare system, the family and sexual behavior (how certain groups are shifting their protection uses i.e. gays more so)
- Effects of AIDS
- Social meaning Consequences of AIDS: Stigmatization, Employment, family, friends, Lack of research funding, Limited education Lack of newspaper/magazine articles, Mis-education, "Regular" people don't think they can get it, People don't get diagnosis or treatment if do have it in fear of stigmatization
- AIDS
- Acquired, Immune Deficiency, Syndrome
- why association with gay men 1st
- Majority of initial cases occurred among male, Failure to use protection, Behavior (multiple partners, anonymous sex, particular sexual activities)
- US AIDS cases
- CDC est 462,792 living with HIV/AIDS, Est. total 1 million, 2004 - new cases of HIV 38,730, Males accounted for 73% of diagnosis (2004) (HIV), Persons exposed through heterosexual contact accounted for 34% of new cases in 2003 (HIV), Leading killer of African Americans between 25-44
- Transmission of AIDS
- Penetrative sex, Blood transfusion, Sharing of contaminated needles, Between mother and infant
- Effects of AIDS
- Social meaning Consequences of AIDS, Stigmatization, Employment, family, friends, Lack of research funding, Limited education, Lack of newspaper/magazine articles, Mis-education, "Regular" people don't think they can get it, People don't get diagnosis or treatment if do have it in fear of stigmatization
- Assumptions/Labels on the infected
- Innocent - Children, Suspect, Guilty - Gays, Their fault they contracted the disease
- Findings of H&C
- (used phone surveys) Hold various AIDS-related stigma, Respondents believed that HIV can be transmitted through casual contact. Lack of understanding about mechanisms through which HIV is transmitted AIDS-related stigma remains a serious problem, Reducing stigma & fostering compassion toward persons
- Ways to combat stigma (reading)
- 1) Some type of med intervention that would limi disease...2) Normalize disease 3) Policies to change image of AIDS
- Different networking trees (Bearman)
- Spnning, core, inverse
- 75 percent of ppl
- die within the first two years of AIDS
- Who is infected
- Apx 40 million people worldwide (5 million new HIV cases in 2003), Women account for almost 50% worldwide, Young people - age 15-24 account for 50% new cases, 15 million children orphaned due to AIDS
- Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT)- Vertical Transmission
- Can occur through: in the womb or during childbirth, or post-natally, through breastfeeding
- HIV
- AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
- What does AIDS effect? (Africa)
- Labor force, foundations of Economies, state administration, Household income, food production
- Constructionist study (Broadhead)
- HIV went up by 2 percent, higher increase of unsafe needle using (30ish %)
- Social Features of AIDS
- 1. Effect of marginal & stigmatized Groups : Connection to gay men, Early designation was called GRID: Linked to marginal populations - "deviants" 2. Sexually-related transmission: Linked to puritanical concerns,Promiscuity 3. Role of contagion: Uneducated understanding, fear, courtesy stigma 4. Deadly nature of the disease: No cure, uncomfortable death process Conrad: "Cultural image of AIDS that is socially devastating"
- Social features of AIDS
- 1. Effect of marginal & stigmatized Groups : Connection to gay men, Early designation was called GRID: Linked to marginal populations - "deviants" 2. Sexually-related transmission: Linked to puritanical concerns, promiscuity 3. Role of contagion (infection): Uneducated understanding, fear, courtesy stigma 4. Deadly nature of the disease: No cure, uncomfortable death process Conrad: "Cultural image of AIDS that is socially devastating" (pg 355)
- Challenges of AIDS
- Focus of treatment vs. prevention, Neglect of Orphans, Funding, HIV vs. AIDS Surveillance, Stigmatization and discrimination
- Weitz (chapter: Society & AIDS conclusion)
- Only when the effects of AIDS on society and effects of society are recognized will we be able to develop coherent and effective policies to improve the lives of everyone.
- College samples
- in 500 college students is infected w/ HIV, Sample from 19 American Universities, For example: UW has 35,000 = Apx 70 students, Some campuses have higher rates
- What is the dominant means of transmission in the US
- Sex
- Factors shaping claims making against needle-exchange
- Public sentiment against illicit drugs, Needle-exchange's staff caught offguard, Operating as underground service
- Labels and assumptions of those infected
- Innocent - Children, Suspect, Guilty - Gays, Their fault they contracted the disease
- Why changing to heteros
- Saturation of high-risk communities w/ AIDS, Behavioral change in gay community
- Public reaction to AIDS
- Fear (mid- to late 80's), Children kept out of schools, Hospital workers refused service to AIDS
- Social Constructionist analysis
- Career of the claims making process, Claims makers, The specific claims lodged against the exchange, Reasons why the counter-claims did not work
- Who is infected? (Africa)
- 22.5 million people living with HIV, Women account for 57% sub-Saharan Africa
- Findings of Johnson and Rafael
- Strong effects of male incarceration on both male and female AIDS infection rates, Parallels the distribution of the incubation time between HIV and AIDS, The higher incarceration rates over this period, (1982 - 1996) explain a large amount of racial
- AIDS orphans
- Age - few days to 18 years of age, Definition - at least one parent died, Population, Uganda Example, 77% of population youth, 30% are orphans, 39% are HIV+ or have AIDS, What happens to them, Grandparents - 66 yr old woman in Nairobi - 18 grandchildren, Children leave school, Kenya - reports they are forced out of school to work, Emotional needs, Work: domestic, prostitution, begging
- Symbolic Crusade (reading)
- organized, political campaign designed to enforce a particular group's values (i.e. Gay ppl. = AIDS)
- UW Soc research on AIDS
- Sam Clark, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, UW, Study on survival of AIDS orphans, Findings: An infant in southern Zamia whose mother dies faces odds of dying 34 times greater than a similar infant whose mother is alive (father 2x), An infant living in northeast South Africa whose mother dies faces odds of dying 23 times that of an infant whose mother is alive
- Decrease likelihood of transmission
- Abstinence, "Safe-sex", Don't share needles, Drugs during child-delivery
- King County AIDS rates
- Early 90s had highest diagnosis, ppl. Of color had less diagnosis of HIV
- "Terminating an established needle exchange", Broadhead et al 1999
- Case study, Analysis of a closure of a needle exchange program, Claims making defining as health hazard, Impact of exchange's closure